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No 1/2018, vol. 58 Methods in Landscape Architecture Metody w Architekturze Krajobrazu SUMMARIES page 86 DOWNLOAD ALL (13,52MB)  |
PROBLEMS Old District, New Housing. Consequences of Changes in the Spatial Organization of the Urban Backyard Reflected in the District of Grochów Stara dzielnica, nowa zabudowa. Konsekwencje zmiany układu przestrzennego miejskiego podwórza na przykładzie dzielnicy Grochów Izabela Zalewska-Kantek Beata J. Gawryszewska DOI:10.30825/5.ak.146.2018.58.1 {mooblock=SUMMARY} This article was inspired by the changes in the functional and spatial planning of urban housing estates built after 2000. Modern design does not consider backyards as common areas, accessible for all inhabitants or, above all, as a playground for carefree and safe activities for children, which would provide them with opportunities to make first social contacts, interact with nature as well as enjoy physical activity and sensory experiences. The research area is located in the district of Grochów, a part of Warsaw situated within the pre-war city limits, which, previously rather lethargic, has been going through rapid and significant changes of the nature and appearance of its buildings. {/mooblock} PREZENTATIONS Examining the Visual Impact of a Tall Building at the Unii Lubelskiej Square on the Historical Landscape of Warsaw Badanie wpływu wizualnego wieżowca przy placu Unii na historyczny krajobraz Warszawy Klara Czyńska DOI:10.30825/5.ak.147.2018.58.1 {mooblock=SUMMARY} Tall buildings can cause a number of accidental interactions with historical buildings in important and strategic vistas. The effect is difficult to predict by intuition. The goal of the study discussed in the article is to present the possibility to use the Visual Impact Size (VIS) method for analysing the visual impact of a tall building on cityscape. The study focused on an existing tall building at the Unii Lubelskiej Square in Warsaw. The facility interferes visually with the internal space of the Royal Baths. It can be seen above the roof of Belvedere disturbing its integrity as an important historical monument and a symbol of the city. The aim of the research presented here is to assess to what extent this effect could have been predicted before the construction of the building. The VIS method and the Digital Surface Model (DSM) are used. The use of the already existing tall building allows to compare the results of VIS simulation with the actual visibility of the building (which can be observed in space) and to evaluate the effectiveness and correctness of the results obtained. With use of VIS maps, all visibility areas of the building will be identified, also in the landscape interiors (e.g. in the Royal Baths) as the tall greenery in the DSM model is reflected with high precision (50 cm mesh). Another goal of the study was to assess the impact power of the building in the landscape depending on its height. The research results are important for the implementation of the VIS method to forecast the visual impact of new tall investments on the city landscape, including park interiors. {/mooblock} The Ornamental Farm as a Large-Area Landscape Concept – New Findings in Research on the Cultural Landscape of Wilanów Wielkoobszarowa koncepcja krajobrazowa ferme ornée – nowe ustalenia do badań krajobrazu kulturowego Wilanowa Dorota Sikora DOI:10.30825/5.ak.148.2018.58.1 {mooblock=SUMMARY} The landscape of Wilanów is usually perceived from the point of view of its baroque residence as its dominant architectural feature. But the generations of owners from the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries also exerted major influence upon its formation, by introducing the ornamental farm (ferme ornée) inspired by its English models. Their interventions mainly concerned the construction of formal and functional relations between the Wilanów residence and the grange, the village and its affiliate premises. They were perceived by their contemporaries as pioneering works on Polish territory. Unfortunately, the landscape relationships developed as their result are largely illegible today. However, due to great artistic value and significance for the development of Wilanów’s cultural landscape identity, their remaining relics should be duly taken into account in local planning. The research undertaken by the author concerned the central part of the Wilanów Estate, with the royal residence located in the middle, covering the area from the Vistula River in the east to the Warsaw Escarpment and the residences located on it in the west, Natolin and Powsinkowskie Lake in the south and Sielanka Lake and Morysin with its fields in the north. The research consisted of: - recognition of the state of research in the field of the ferme-ornée phenomenon and the landscape of Wilanów in the literature on the subject, - establishing, on the basis of the literature, the definition of a ferme-ornée and a set of features specific to this form of spatial development, - archival research, - recognizing the historical principles of shaping the Wilanów landscape in terms of the presence of elements representative of ferme-ornée, - field work aimed at determining the current state of preservation of elements of the Wilanów fermeornée. The research is summarized by conclusions, emphasizing the need to protect the existing relics. {/mooblock} MATERIALS Trees in the City Center: a Case Study of Bulwar Słoneczny in Wrocław Drzewa w centrum miasta – studium przypadku Bulwaru Słonecznego we Wrocławiu Joanna Dobrzańska Robert Kalbarczyk Monika Ziemiańska DOI:10.30825/5.ak.149.2018.58.1 {mooblock=SUMMARY} The subject of the article are good design practices and technologies making the growth and development of trees in the highly urbanized area possible, presented on the example of the development plan for Bulwar Słoneczny (Sunny Boulevard) in Wrocław. The subject is very current due to the progressing phenomenon of urbanization and the growing expectations of residents associated with the development of green urban infrastructure. Bulwar Słoneczny in Wrocław can be regarded as a model case study illustrating the difficulties occurring when introducing high greenery plantations into a highly urbanized area. Both in this location and in many other urban areas, it is necessary to use modern technologies to improve the habitat conditions of trees. The worst problem is the poor condition of the soil and the fact that the area is significantly burdened with underground infrastructure, which considerably limits the area for high vegetation. The biologically active area is 0.83 ha (approx. 53%) of Bulwar Słoneczny. Unfortunately, the exclusion belts running through it narrow the area where one can plant high greenery by as much as 0.37 ha (approx. 44% of the biologically active area). The solution to the problem is application of media zoning. If this is not possible, specialist solutions should be used to prevent the penetration of roots into other spaces (root screens) and remove heat from heating networks away from the root zone of the tree. The soil structure is improved by aeration and the use of structural soil. Hydrogels will improve water conditions for plants, and mycorrhization – conditions for plant growth in a saline environment. An extremely important role in the design of the boulevard is played by structural solutions – overhanging walkways. The existing trees should be strictly protected during the entire course of the investment process. Protective measures for trees should be considered already at the inventory stage. Through careful planning of the new system, appropriate selection of species and application of technologies for trees one may effectively fight against shrinking of wooded areas in city centers. {/mooblock} FORUM Greenery in Patronage Settlements – Historical and Contemporary Design Problems Based on the Example of Nikiszowiec Zieleń osiedli patronackich – historyczne i współczesne problemy projektowe na przykładzie Nikiszowca Adriana Baryżewska DOI:10.30825/5.ak.150.2018.58.1 {mooblock=SUMMARY} The paper is an Engineer degree dissertation written at the Faculty of Architecture of the Krakow University of Technology as a diploma paper for 1st degree studies in the field of landscape architecture. It received the main award in the competition organised by the Association of Polish Landscape Architects for the best engineer’s dissertation written in the academic year 2015/2016. The topic of the paper is the development design of an estate garden in the former workers’ housing estate in the Nikiszowiec district in Katowice. The detailed study includes the interior of the courtyard of one of the residential blocks in Nikiszowiec. Nikiszowiec was founded as a workers’ estate, constructed in the beginning of the 20th century and designed by Georg and Emil Zillmann from Berlin-Charlottenburg. Its spatial arrangement has remained unchanged for nearly a century. The created space has been developed intensively. The estate consists of nine residential blocks. Each of these development blocks is enclosed by the surrounding structures, with a large courtyard inside. The design of block interior offers an opportunity to create enclaves of greenery, as well as leisure, recreation and integration spaces for residents, which will both beautify and soften the harsh landscape of brick family homes (so-called familok). The conducted historical and sociological research resulted in the development concept for one of the gardens in the courtyard. Its aim is to create a space that will be functional, friendly for local inhabitants, with a clear layout that will be based on historical traditions and genius loci. {/mooblock} ZABŁOCIE_4D Landscape Transformation of the Streets ZABŁOCIE_4D Krajobrazowa transformacja ulic Joanna Wojtuń DOI:10.30825/5.ak.151.2018.58.1 {mooblock=SUMMARY} Zabłocie is one of the fastestgrowing parts of the Podgórze district in Cracow. Due to the strong urbanization and changes in the functioning of industrial facilities that have occurred in recent years, the transportation network of Zabłocie requires transformation and adjustment. The main objective of the landscape transformation is the introduction of green and quiet streets with numerous avenues, squares, café terraces, narrowing the lanes on twoway streets, the designation of bike routes, the introduction of passages, squares, ramps and parking spaces for the disabled and many others. These activities are carried out between the city quarters which, together with a network of communication create “Zabłocie_4D ‘’ that is, the four dimensions of the conventional area of the Zabłocie district (cultural, creative, residential and office buildings), available for tourists, with elevated spatial standards and an interesting public space – the square at the railway crossing. {/mooblock} |
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No 2/2018, vol. 59 Sylwetka współczesnego Architekta Krajobrazu Profile of a Modern Landscape Architect SUMMARIES page 78 DOWNLOAD ALL (5,91MB)  |
PROBLEMS Situation of Landscape Architect Profession in Europe Based on the Teamwork Supporting the Regulation of the Profession Professional Recognition Assistance (PRA) IFLA Europe Sytuacja zawodu architekta krajobrazu w Europie na podstawie prac zespołu zajmującego się wspieraniem regulacji zawodu Professional Recognition Assistance (PRA) IFLA EU Urszula Forczek-Brataniec DOI:10.30825/5.ak.152.2018.59.2 {mooblock=SUMMARY} The International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA EU) is an organization bringing together European landscape architects. Since 2000 it has been a part of IFLA World; previously the federation was an independent institution under the name of EFLA. One of the main aims of both the European division of IFLA and the former EFLA was to strengthen and promote the profession of landscape architect. For years now there have been projects aimed at recognizing the condition and position of the profession in European countries. One of them is the project entitled Professional Qualification Directive (PQD) led by Professor Fritz Auweck. It resulted in obtaining the data on the subject of profession regulation. This activity was continued in the Professional Recognition Assistance project (PRA) which supported associated organisations in regulating the profession at a national level. The working group is composed of: Tony Williams, the President of IFLA EU, Hermann Georg Gunnlaugsson, the vice president, Professor Fritz Auweck, PGD project manager, Urszula Forczek-Brataniec, Secretary General of IFLA EU. The data so far available indicates that the profession is currently regulated in 7 EU countries on the basis of the chamber system. In Scandinavian countries the existing system has no professional chambers; in other countries, however, the regulations take place at local level or are non-existent. Additionally, the rights to exercise the profession differ in countries which have the issue regulated. The collected material outlines a wide range of possibilities for stabilisation of the profession at different levels. It demonstrates the way of providing a legal framework for the profession and a range of possibilities for exercising it. It also allows us to perceive the matter of professional regulations in Poland from a different perspective. {/mooblock} Education and Promotion of the Proffesion of a Landscape Architect in Poland Kształcenie i promocja zawodu architekta krajobrazu w Polsce Irena Niedźwiecka-Filipiak DOI:10.30825/5.ak.153.2018.59.2 {mooblock=SUMMARY} Practicing the profession of a landscape architect should be connected with its common social understanding. What is of key importance for this job is the legal provisions supporting the planning and designing of landscape. Landscape architecture as a field of study has been present at many universities in Poland since 2000, and its curriculum has been subject to modifications resulting from the changing legal conditions. Universities have also verified the recruitment conditions, specialties and program of teaching. These issues are also being discussed and agreed upon within the framework of the Union of Universities for the Development of the Field of Study of Landscape Architecture, as well as by professional associations that care for the promotion and quality of this profession, but also seek to obtain professional qualifications. This article presents an analysis of these issues in the context of promotion of the profession of a landscape architect in Poland. PRESENTATIONS Earthen Forms in Landscape Architecture – from Geoglyphs to Contemporary Urban Parks Formy ziemne w architekturze krajobrazu - od geoglifów po współczesne parki miejskie Karolina Porada DOI:10.30825/5.ak.154.2018.59.2 {mooblock=SUMMARY} The shaping of land forms brings significant cultural values to landscape architecture and it has been stimulating unconventional solutions and innovations for centuries – if only in terms of construction technology and their protection and maintenance. Man-made slopes, terraces, ramparts, mounds, embankments or pits are recognizable artifacts, some of which are at the same time archetypes. The aim of the article is to present a short review of the use of earthen forms in landscape design, as well as to define how their genesis has changed over the centuries, from symbolic values to such motivations as ecology, recycling or reclamation of post-industrial areas {/mooblock}Shaping the New Landscape of the Main Metropolis of Erbil Kurdistan in the 21St Century |
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No 4/2018, vol. 61 City Yesterday and Today Miasto wczoraj i dziś SUMMARIES page DOWNLOAD ALL (12,13MB)  |
PROBLEMS Evaluation of the Use of Natural Potential for Planning of Green Infrastructure of Selected Housing Estates in Wrocław Ocena wykorzystania przyrodniczego potencjału w planowaniu zielonej infrastruktury na obszarze wybranych osiedli Wrocławia Justyna Rubaszek DOI:10.30825/5.ak.162.2019.61.4 {mooblock=SUMMARY} The article discusses the issue of planning green infrastructure on a local scale – the scale of a housing estate on the basis of the use of existing natural potential. The sites selected for the research are greenery zones with small watercourses and/or reservoirs located within the areas of four dynamically developing housing estates in Wrocław, which are Polanowice-PoświętneLigota, Maślice, Muchobór Wielki and Krzyki-Partynice. The aim of the analyses was to show whether and to what extent the areas with natural potential were included in the development plans of housing estates and to determine the indications as to further development and management of these zones in accordance with the concept of green infrastructure. The obtained results show a different degree of integration of the existing elements and natural systems into the planned structure of the housing estates: from their preservation and use for the construction of a green network to their liquidation for the benefit of new buildings and road infrastructure. The presented results indicate that: (1) the factor determining the preservation of the natural potential of the studied areas was primarily the need to plan parks of recreational and leisure function within the tissue of the housing estates; (2) the maintenance of communication and spatial continuity of the natural systems resulted from appropriate records at the level of planning documents, while the lack of such records resulted in the liquidation or reduction of the biologically active area; (3) the aspect of multifunctionality of the particular areas was in all the studied cases limited to one function – recreation and leisure. What is also significant is that none of the areas has been developed integrally with the buildings and infrastructure under construction, which proves the traditional approach to planning and managing green areas in the city – a complementary approach rather than an equal one in relation to other elements of the urban structure. In terms of indications as to the future development of individual areas, the most important was the strengthening of the regulatory services provided by them, mainly through the use of the preserved watercourses, ditches and/or reservoirs in order to build a system for the pro-ecological management of rainwater and snowmelt collected from built-up areas. {/mooblock} PRESENTATIONS Use of Agent-Based Modelling as a Tool for Determining Guidelines in the Process of Revitalization of Large Housing Estates Wykorzystanie modelu agentowego do określenia wytycznych reiwtalizacji wielkich osiedli blokowych Szymon Mieszkowski DOI:10.30825/5.ak.163.2019.61.4 {mooblock=SUMMARY} Large housing estates are inseparable elements of the landscape of every Polish city. For many years, at every administrative level and in the media, there has been a heated debate about the future of the buildings made from large concrete panels. However, the problem of revitalization of these so-called “sink-estates” has not been addressed comprehensively. The first post-war housing estates are inevitably approaching the end of their intended life span and, unfortunately, thus far a project to extensively test and monitor these housing estates has not yet been established. Currently, attention is focused on analysing the technical condition of the buildings, while the most important issue, i.e. their present and future residents, is ignored. Collecting the necessary data on large residential estates is the first, extremely important step towards understanding the processes taking place in Polish cities. Agent-based modelling, which utilises both the decision-making and the uniqueness of individuals and households, enables a detailed analysis of bottom-up processes that naturally occur in the local community. Using one of Wroclaw’s housing estates, Popowice, as an example, available statistical data were systematised and simulations were carried out to predict the natural, spontaneous development of the estate. The simulations reflect the dynamics of bottom-up processes within the local population that have a direct impact on the scale of migration as well as the socio-demographic polarization of the local community. Intentionally, the top-down approach hasn’t been implemented in order to allow identification and analysis of self-modifying changes. In simulations, trends are sought only based on the autonomy of individual people. Strengthening the desirable and limiting the negative processes can play a key role in the guideline-setting process, ultimately allowing for an optimal model for the revitalization of large housing estates to be created. {/mooblock} The Settlements Established by the Moravian Church (Brothers) in Lower Silesia Osady Herrnhutów na Dolnym Śląsku Justyna Jaworek-Jakubska Marek Staffa DOI:10.30825/5.ak.164.2019.61.4 {mooblock=SUMMARY} During the Counter-Reformation, Silesia became the refuge for numerous groups of Bohemian Protestants, especially Orthodox ones, such as the Moravian Church (Moravian Brothers, Unitas Fratrum). They settled in areas whose owners were favourably disposed towards them. While the Counter-Reformation progressed, they were increasingly pushed away westwards, towards Saxony. The biggest group reached Berthelsdorf in Lusatia, where it set up a settlement called Herrnhut within the estate o Nicolas Ludwig, Count von Zinzendorf. Zinzendorf, providing Herrnhut with financial and spiritual care, was striving to establish a supradenominational community from the very beginning. The congregation adopted an ascetic, religious lifestyle based on strictly defined rules, which was reflected in the development and urban layout of the settlement. After 1730, because of political and religious difficulties, the community began to set up new settlements outside Saxony (in Europe, North America and the Far East) modelled after Herrnhut. Three settlements were established under Zinzendorf’s influence in Silesia: in Piława Górna and in Kruszyn near Bolesławiec (1743), and in Pawłowiczki near Koźle (1750). All were formed on the same principles and a nearly identical layout to that of Herrnhut. All received similar names: Piława – Gnadenfrei, Kruszyn – Gnadenberg, and Pawłowiczki – Gnadenfeld. {/mooblock} FORUM Cooperation between Students of Landscape Architecture and Physiotherapy In the Design of Effective Therapeutic Spaces Współpraca studentów architektury krajobrazu i fizjoterapii przy projektowaniu efektywnych przestrzeni terapeutycznych Kamila Adamczyk-Mucha Lucyna Górska-Kłęk DOI:10.30825/5.ak.165.2019.61.4 {mooblock=SUMMARY} In many countries, green care is one of the preventive and pro-health strategies. Positive impact of green areas refers not only to their natural and aesthetic values, but also to health, social and economic benefits. There are many forms of therapy that use the positive influence of the natural environment on persons included in the definition of “green care”, e.g. hydrotherapy, sylvotherapy or terrain therapy. Interdisciplinary cooperation, including designers and therapeutic programme developers, is essential for the development of places that fully exploit their therapeutic potential. The goal of this work is to present an innovative (experimental) form of team cooperation between students of landscape architects and physiotherapy within the framework of interdisciplinary workshops leading to an improved common understanding of the scope of activities of landscape architects and physiotherapists and their joint work for the arrangement of various therapeutic spaces related to “green care”, serving to improve the health of their users. Workshops offer the opportunity to develop design solutions with a much higher utility value, which could not have been achieved without interdisciplinary cooperation. The possibility of verifying the design concept with the users of the space is an important didactic element, as well as establishing a productive partnership in future professional work, both for landscape architects and physiotherapists, providing the opportunity for dialogue and co-creation of good Polish school of “green care”. {/mooblock} In memoriam Edward Prof. Bartman Przemysław Wolski {mooblock=SUMMARY} Brak {/mooblock} |
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No 3/2018, vol. 60 Organized Greenery Zieleń zorganizowana SUMMARIES page 78 DOWNLOAD ALL (8,09MB)  |
PROBLEMS Park as a Forest-Like Vegetation Zone Park jako formacja roślinna o charakterze leśnym Justyna Franczak Maciej Filipiak Jan Bancki DOI:10.30825/5.ak.156.2018.60.3 {mooblock=SUMMARY} The functioning and form of arrangements created by woody plants are important elements related to landscape shaping. The base facility used for the studies presented in this paper was a part of the Szczytnicki Park in Wrocław, of a surface area of 5.4 ha. The analysed section is approx. 160 years old and, as most of the whole park, is of a landscape nature. All trees and bushes inside the analysed area were precisely measured and classified and the obtained data constituted the basis for determining several parameters, which, in turn, allowed us to compare the studies park tree stand with more natural populations of a forest nature. The main compared sites were the tree stands in Lower Silesian forest natural reserves that grow in similar habitats. As a result of the conducted analyses it was determined, among others, that the analysed fragment of the park is a multi-species, multilayered deciduous forest population of various ages, with a structure that is typical for the phase of renewal and regeneration. The population is dominated by native species typical for oak-hornbeam forests, but alien species, in particular invasive ones and post-pioneers also play a significant role. The vegetation also includes trees that are valuable due to their age or origin. In comparison with model oak stands and reserve tree stands growing in similar conditions, the resources of the analysed facility are usually lower. This suggests that its biochemical impact on the surrounding environment may be weaker than that of the compared tree stands. In functional terms, the studied park also resembles forest populations being stands managed by means of socalled continuous cutting. Continuing maintenance procedures based on such cutting model may optimise the natural functions of the park. In the opinion of the authors, the analyses presented herein and similar ones should be used more widely as an element of resource evaluation and as the basis for maintenance treatment in city parks. {/mooblock} PRESENTATIONS The Value of Spa Parks in the Modern HealthResorts: A Case Study of the Western and Central Sudetes Spa Towns Wartość parków zdrojowych we współczesnym mieście na przykładzie uzdrowisk Sudetów Zachodnich i Środkowych Daria Słonina Maria Skomorowska DOI:10.30825/5.ak.157.2018.60.3 {mooblock=SUMMARY} Spas are a place where patients strengthen their health. Their location and special natural values are the reason why these places have been popular ever since the beginning of their history. Particularly important, in the quick convalescence process, close contact between man and nature is ensured by nearby gardens and parks. The natural environment affects various health aspects, reducing stress, reducing pressure or supporting social relations. The work is an overview of spa parks in the Western and Central Sudetes Resorts, in terms of history and the degree of their transformation. The aim of the work was to determine possible actions for the revitalization of selected examples, in such a way that they could not only be a valuable cultural heritage but also contribute to improving the health of the patients. In the twentyfirst century, the closeness of nature seems to be an essential element of everyday life. In the given context, particular attention should be paid to parks and municipal gardens in spas, whose role is currently becoming more important and the demand for them is increasing. The importance of these complexes has changed many times over the years, which is why determining their contemporary form is extremely important. These places provide the opportunity to observe and perceive wildlife, improving the quality of life, being an important place both in the treatment process and in everyday life. {/mooblock}The 1974 Urban Planning Norms in the Shaping of Green Areas on the Example of Białystok {mooblock=SUMMARY} FORUM TO SEE, TO UNDERSTAND, TO DESIGN. The Landscape Revitalization Studio UAP ZAUWAŻYĆ, ZROZUMIEĆ, ZAPROJEKTOWAĆ. Pracownia Rewitalizacji Krajobrazu UAP Sławoj Dreszer Marta Urbańska DOI:10.30825/5.ak.159.2018.60.3 {mooblock=SUMMARY} The fact that the world keeps moving faster and faster has been discussed for decades. The fact that, in most cases, urban structures can no longer keep up with the dynamically developing society has been discussed only recently. The everyday activities, the nature of work and ways of spending our free time, have changed. With these transformations, not only service-related or functional needs of people are evolving, but also their spatial needs. It is estimated that by 2050, around 6 billion people will live in urban centers, and 60% of urban areas that will cover our planet at that time have not yet emerged. Cities are swelling (often in an uncontrolled way), and experience has already shown that the “sprawl” of urban structures into infinity brings bad results. In the 21st century, the tasks of architects, landscape architects, urban planners, and planners have changed. Today, it’s not just about creating new facilities. The real challenge is the existing urban tissue and the attempt to adapt it to the current needs and standards. The Landscape Revitalization Studio at the Poznań University of Arts was established in response to these phenomena and changes. The Studio functions based on the original didactic program developed by Sławoj Dreszer, PhD., hab. The particular design problems are undertaken to make students (future architects and landscape designers) aware of the direction in which today’s world and society are heading, and of the tasks that they are likely to meet in their future work. {/mooblock} Warsaw Garden Theatres – Places of Memory or Oblivion? Warszawskie teatry ogródkowe – miejsca pamięci czy niepamięci? Agnieszka Starzyk DOI:10.30825/5.ak.201.2018.60.3 {mooblock=SUMMARY} The aim of the study is to investigate the impact the non-existent garden theatres exerted on the contemporary spaces of Warsaw and to answer the following question: Do the Warsaw garden theatres, which used to function in Warsaw from 1868 to 1907, exist in the city architectural and urban-planning memory, or only in historical materials? The research methods necessary to define and solve the scientific problem that were applied included: analysis and criticism of source literature, observation without intervention, case study, intuitive method based on the author’s personal experience; the basis for the conclusions was provided by in situ studies. The result obtained is: a) time and location systematization of garden theatres located in left-bank Warsaw, b) demonstrating that garden theatres failed to leave an architectural, urban-planning or symbolic trace. Hence the conclusion that these theatres do not exist in the city architectural and urban memory. {/mooblock} |
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