The synthetic, graphical image of a city becomes a symbol, which makes it possible to identify in a second something that takes more time to process when read, similar to the coats of arms of old. A city, provided that its qualities are widely known and easily recognisable, starts to play the role of an icon – a symbol, infallibly associated with the cultural and economic offering that a visitor can find in it, becoming a modern image of it.

The article presents submitted and selected projects from the first four editions of Wrocław Civic Budget (2013–2016) in relation to their potential significance to the landscapes of Wrocław’s neighbourhoods. The projects were classified into three groups: (1) projects introducing a new object or function (or expanding or enhancing an existing object), i.e. “new” projects, (2) renovation and maintenance projects and (3) “mixed” projects containing elements of both types. Analysis’ results show that “new” projects are a dominant group within submitted and selected projects and their mean share was gradually increasing in subsequent WCB editions. These results are discussed in the context of the role of investment tasks cards in shaping the landscapes of Wrocław’s neighbourhoods. The discussion leads to a conclusion that formal exclusion of renovation and maintenance projects from WCB could have more drawbacks than benefits, and a solution to that seems to be to empower neighbourhood councils in their actions, thanks to which WCB participants could focus on projects introducing new objects or functions into the landscapes of neighbourhoods. What is important, though, is that it is possible that as in the case of the original participatory budget from Porto Alegre, the projects will still be centered on modifying basic urban infrastructure, and not creating distinctive objects which would strongly affect urban landscape. In the summary, it is pointed out that when one assumes that the objective of participatory budget is to transfer the “power to the city” to its inhabitants, then the possibilities of inhabitants to decide about the landscape and other elements of their neighbourhoods should be widened.
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In the hereby article the author discusses the subject of modern changes within a selection of small towns located within the borders of the Krakow Metropolitan Area and their effects on the space of towns. After the year 1989, small towns have found themselves on the cusp of intensive functional, social and spatial changes that influence their image. These changes have provided new possibilities for development and created numerous opportunities on the one hand, while having become the source of many threats able to influence an urban organism on multiple layers on the other. Over a quarter of a century after that moment, we can observe the influence that these changes have had on the spatial structure, image and identity of cities, which are elements that are particularly vulnerable to changes. Within the Krakow Metropolitan Area we can identify towns, which have started to be viewed as “more attractive” after the year 1989 and, from a perspective of 25 years of functional and spatial transformation, have registered numerous changes, as well as those which have remained on the sidelines. In the case of intensively changing cities, the reason for this can be found both in their particular conditions (the preservation of the cultural heritage of small towns and their surroundings, location within environmentally valuable areas, landscape qualities, good accessibility to transport in relation to Krakow, etc.), as well as in the direct efforts of the residents and authorities of towns (obtaining aid funds, for instance from the EU, the awareness of a town’s potential, its qualities and value, as well as using that potential in accordance with the principles of sustainable development, or quite the contrary, in a manner that leads to the unification of the identity of a venue). Modern changes affect both the image of central areas of towns, the reception of their external areas, as well as the composition of a small town as a whole. The goal of the paper is to point out which factors have influenced and still influence the changes of the image of the small towns of the Krakow Metropolitan Area in addition to how they do so, as well as the spatial effect of these changes. The research method that has been chosen was based on determining and comparing the qualities of localities that have the character of a small town (cultural qualities: tangible and intangible, natural qualities, landscape qualities, both within a town and in its surroundings) with the functions that are played by a town and the degree of the intensity of those functions. The scope of the study included 14 localities. The information that was gathered was compared with the degree of the preservation of a locality’s small-town character. This served as the basis for the formulation of conclusions that allowed determining which qualities affect the image of a small town with the highest intensity, as well as in regards to the type of influence that current changes have on the image of a town.

The Analysis of Landscape Exposures of Entry Roads to the City on the Example of Southern Wrocław
Analiza ekspozycji krajobrazowych dróg wjazdowych do miasta na przykładzie południowego Wrocławia
Piotr Węgrzynowicz
DOI: 10.30825/5.ak.101.2017.54.1
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Landscape exposure of city entry roads is a widely discussed issue in the debate on Polish spatial problems. This article presents an attempt to identify objects on a selected area, located at the edge of two landscape interiors, one of which is characterized by urban landscape features. These sitesmight be regarded as as landscape city gates. The discussed problem has a complex nature, combining the issues of landscape architecture, spatial planning, psychology of perception and urban marketing. The urban transect method, based on the conducted research walk, was used for the investigation purposes. The most important conclusion resulting from the research part suggests that the function of city entrance gates may be performed byinfrastructure elements such as bridges, viaducts and tunnels. Due to their location, it must be important to ensure that they are of adequate and representative character. The article encourages to reflect on legibility of the city and the landscape seen from the road.
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The paper attempts to present case studies of restored sewage farms form Berlin and Brandenburg area, where ecological and social features are combined. The development of these objects may constitute an opportunity to assess the potential of untransformed sewage farms. Wetlands play an important role in shaping the microclimate, they can also keep large amounts of water. In Chinese cities, degraded fens are being restored and new infrastructure capable of absorbing rainwater surplus is being created. Nowadays in Poland first attempts to develop climate adaptation plans for cities with more than 100.000 inhabitants are being made. Anthropogenic provenance areas, such as sewage farms, may be incorporated in the system alleviating effects of floods and heavy rainfall leading to local inundations. Meanwhile, the existing planning documents assume partial development of Wrocław sewage farm. Current transformation directions of such brownfields suggest natural, recreational and educational functions.

The article presents a view on the night image of Wrocław from the perspective of the city’s visual aspects and the assessment of phenomena related to the illumination of the urban space. The aim of this study is to analyze the image of the city and identify the possible causes of its current condition, considering historical context as well as current global trends. The article also presents the present-day risks related to the lighting of public space. At present, the night image of the city is dominated by street lighting, mainly subordinated to the vehicular traffic. It is also determined by technical approach, which prioritizes energy efficiency. However, the architectural illuminations and commercial lighting are becoming increasingly more common. The city of Wrocław has been implementing its lighting strategy over the last several years, focusing the main lighting projects around the banks of Odra River. However, the conscious shaping of the city’s night image contributes to the marginalization of the role of street lighting, which has the greatest impact on residents and regular users of public space. An objective view on the functional-spatial structure of city lighting, via satellite data, provides more complete information in this regard. The brightest patches are road network areas, technical infrastructure terrains, shopping malls, industrial zones and objects covered by architectural lighting. It contributes to the so-called light escaping effect, which increases the light pollution of municipal areas. The unfavorable phenomenon of urban skyglow affects especially residents of downtown housing estates and triggers the occurrence of spatial conflicts. The development of comprehensive lighting strategy, while regulating the legal situation of artificial lighting, is essential for the coherence and the quality of the night image of Wrocław.

• case study descriptions of parksare predominant among the analysed issues; these descriptions are mainly informative, as their purpose is to familiarize readers with the studied park, or more problem-centered, as the description also relates to more general issues, and the park is described as an example or a point of reference;
• other numerous and very diversified issues, are subjects of single articles, or are repeated in a small number of papers, which makes it difficult to trace any tendency in the studied problematics.
  

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PREZENTATIONS

Use of Landscape Audit Methodology for the Cultural-Aesthetic Values Evaluation (Case Study)
Wykorzystanie metodyki audytu krajobrazowego w ekspertyzie wartości kulturowo-estetycznych krajobrazu (studium przypadku)
Magdalena Czałczyńska-Podolska
Magdalena Rzeszotarska-Pałka
10.30825/5.ak.120.2017.57.4
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The Act of 24 April 2015 changing certain laws in connection with the enhancement of landscape protection tools [Polish Journal of Laws Dz.U., item 774 of 2016] or the “landscape act” imposed the duties of conduction of landscape assessment (so called landscape audit) on local authorities on a regional (Voievodeship) level. The main objective of the presented paper is to expose, on the example of an audit of the cultural-aesthetic values of the landscape conducted for the Drawsko Pomorskie municipality, the possibilities for application of methods of landscape audit. As the methodical assumptions that correspond to landscape audit are adjusted to large scale analyses concerning whole regions (Voivodeships), for the need of the present presentation we abandoned the elements that were not related to the terrain subject to our analysis, such as indication and relation to the list of priority landscapes (as there were no priority landscapes in the survey area). According to the audit methodology the works included:

• query and gathering informationabout the region, including field studies;
• landscape characteristics, including the identification of its cultural and aesthetic values;
• identification and evaluation of threats to the landscape.

Additionally, for the needs of the paper, we performed the analysis of view exposition accessibility of the terrain that consists of descriptive and graphic parts, in order to verify its potential influence on landscape’s perception. During the research we were able to confirm the applicability of the methods of landscape auditing to works concerning landscape evaluation.
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FORUM

Problems with the Restoration of Monastic Garden Complexes on the Example of Cistercian Heritage
Problemy rewaloryzacji klasztornych założeń ogrodowych na przykładzie dziedzictwa cysterskiego
Małgorzata Milecka
10.30825/5.ak.121.2017.57.4
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Monasteries, together with their entire accompanying landscape context, have their cultural roots in the Middle Ages. In Poland they performed a very important cultureforming function throughout its history. For centuries, European monastic gardens have constituted unique spatial arrangements. These complexes, depending on their location and the fate of particular congregations, have gradually undergone transformations, finally achieving their contemporary form. Their remains are to a greater or lesser extent still present in landscape and require adequate protection. Nowadays, due to the changes in the way monastic and post-monastic complexes are used, they have adopted new functions and forms, not uncommonly conveying a different meaning. Frequently, it leads to the loss of their timeless value. The article presents the main problems with the conservation of the unique and culturally uniform group of post-Cistercian complexes and presents some of the best contemporary examples of the restoration of foreign complexes (Fontenay, Maulbronn, Poblet, Alcobaça), deemed particularly valuable and inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, as well as Polish complexes that were awarded the Monument of History title (in the order they were awarded the title: Krzeszów, Ląd, Sulejów, Pelplin, Kołbacz, Trzebnica, Wąchock). The article also reflects on the following ideas:
1. Is a garden a testament of the past, with mostly historical and research value, as Ruskin or Riegl felt,
2. Or is a garden a piece of art of aesthetic and utilitarian value, which should be beautiful and pleasant, and which should – as Viollet-le-Duc wanted – constitute a complete and stylistically uniform whole?
It seems that finding an answer to this question, or at least becoming aware of the problem, is particularly important in the context of restoring complexes whose traditions date back to the origins of our culture.
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