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The landscape is a key resource of a fortified area, with camouflage greenery being an important element. An understanding of a historic fortification system in its entirety and the associated cultural and environmental heritage is the main argument calling for the necessity of having an interdisciplinary approach to the research of historic fortification greenery and the landscapes of historic fortifications. The enormous area of the sites, the techniques that went into designing them based on an analysis of the topographical landscape and the scope of the changes made to the landscape demonstrate the advanced level of military engineering that went into creating this structured greenery, the remains of which have amazingly survived to the present. The composed arrangements of fortress greenery are a valuable part of the natural environment, would guarantee that endangered species of flora and fauna are preserved in the environment. The contemporary role of fortress greenery is to serve as the foundation for consolidating or renovating areas on the outskirts of the city that were part of the former fortification landscape. This is also a guideline for the modern use of the imitative method in connection with undesirable areas in the landscape.
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After Upper Silesia was divided between Germany and Poland at the end of the 1920s, there was increased tension in Polish and German relations. From 1933 to 1939 the priority of fortifying Upper Silesia was reestablished using former maps and plans. A decision was also taken at that time to set up distributed fortifications to defend the Upper Silesian industrial region from anticipated German aggression. The idea was to create points of resistance or clusters of bunkers that were built as part of a network of earthen embankments that could provide a circular defence. The Polish fortifications extended from Przesyce in the north to Wyry in the south. The system consisted of stationary and field fortifications of about 200 combat, decoy and auxiliary positions and hydro-technical structures built along a strip of land that stretched about 60 km. The state of the art of the Fortified Area of Silesia is the subject of this paper as well as the location, the existing condition, and the relationships to spatial management and the local landscape.
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{mooblock=SUMMARY}
The use of land for civilian purposes was restricted in the areas around the Wrocław (Breslau) Fortress, which was built in 1890. Land was set aside for official use, either for the protection of the fortress or for shelters for the infantry. The areas that were restricted from land development formed a ring around the fortifications and in a way set the possible battle field. This land was of vital importance to the city’s defences and at the same time influenced the spatial development of the city. The present traces of these regions are the historical heritage of the former fortress, important because it reveals the military purpose behind the historical city landscape. This article presents preliminary research on the changes to the land cover and landform in selected areas of fortifications along the Widawa River.
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{mooblock=SUMMARY}
Due to the large land area of 19th century fortresses, which could encompass entire micro-regions, the arrangement of fortifications inside urban areas usually had a large impact on the structural layout of the city. As warfare technology advanced, great emphasis was placed on taking advantage of the natural physiographic features of an area. Hills, bodies of water, swamps, or large forested areas were intentionally used in designing a system of defences and determining the location of particular fortifications. Russian topographic maps with the Warsaw Fortress made note of the natural obstacles that were blended into the outer defensive ring. The existing vegetation in urban areas was often incorporated, like woods, avenues, public squares or parks. These elements were utilized in full or in part, and gaps that happened to occur were filled in with new vegetation. Later, as areas were freed up that had been subjected to restrictions because of the fortress, the city underwent unprecedented growth. Land from old fortresses became an additional resource for developing areas of urban greenery in most large fortified cities in Poland.
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Marcin Górski
Michał Antoszewski
Wojciech Ostrowski

{mooblock=SUMMARY}
The structural complexity of a modern fortification, the size of the spatial area involved and the relationship with the surrounding landscape require a landscape-related approach in order to identify, evaluate and make decisions for the preservation and development of single structures and sites as a whole, as well as the defensive works. This article presents the new possibilities for landscape analysis available with the use of numerical terrain models taking the Gałachy casemated fortress artillery building in Zakroczym as an example. The landscape analysis made use of the following resources in the experiment:

• numerical elevation data, in the form of a cloud of points originating from airborne laser scanning (ALS),
• the vector data of topographic objects from the Polish geodetic and cartographic database (BDOT),
• cadastral type data from the Web Feature Service (WFS) geoportal. gov.pl.

The results of the analysis performed support the usefulness of the new technology for visualizing the landscape of a historic fortress and allow overall conclusions to be drawn on developing new tools for studying and shaping the landscape. The practical experiments demonstrate the usefulness of applying the technology on many levels: 

• Identifying and making an inventory of historic sites. 
• Preparing and implementing a conservation-oriented plan for the preservation and development of an area.
• Educating and promoting the heritage of military architecture.
• Protecting sites through monitoring.

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{mooblock=SUMMARY}
A crucial moment in Poznań’s history occurred in the first half of the 19th century – namely, the governing power decided that it was necessary to fortify the entire city. At the end of the 1870s an additional system of artillery forts were built at locations spaced evenly around the city. By the end of the 19th century the fort had become a detriment to the city, primarily due to limited space for development and deteriorating living conditions from being in a closed-off city. Thus, a decision was made to dismantle some of the fortifications and to build a new neighbourhood around the castle in that space. This research article addresses the changes that occurred in the 19th and beginning of the 20th century in the spatial structure of the city in connection with the city defences. The aim of the study was to identify the progression of land development and changes in land use.The primary research materials were old city maps from 1841 to 1937. In addition to cartographic research methods, the study also used geo-information techniques which made it possible to visualize subsequent development and characterize the nature of the changes that took place. From an analysis of the historic maps it is evident that the spatial arrangement of the city at the beginning of the 19th century had been frozen from further development because of the boundaries of the fort. The interior structure of the fort remained largely the same, with changes mostly to the perimeter areas. After taking down the enclosing fortifications, the city developed outwards in the neighbouring areas, yet it maintained the spatial order from earlier times. The policies of the partitioning state of Prussia in the 1900s forced the city to develop primarily towards the west or southwest, with the intent being to gradually convert the fortified areas into usable space for the city.
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{mooblock=SUMMARY}
The issues referred to in the title were addressed after analyzing some of the solutions, practices and bad examples of development projects that had tried to preserve existing environmental resources and the scenic views of historic fortification sites. This study also provides an opportunity to consider an integrated approach to the preservation of historic ring fortresses and the role they play as part of the system of urban green areas and the impact they have on the environmental and spatial structure of areas surrounding a city in keeping with principles of sustainable development. Furthermore, this study points to the opposing forces between preserving historical and environmental resources and provides examples of solutions that can be used to deal with them. The aim of the analysis was to identify the strategies and practices of proactive – rather than reactionary – measures that preserve natural resources and that, above all, recover the treasures in the landscape so as to revitalize, make available and promote historic fortified landscapes for the development of tourism.
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