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Nr 4/2013, vol. 41 Landscapes in the Service of Fortifications Krajobraz w służbie fortyfikacji SUMMARIES page 104 DOWNLOAD ALL (6,3 MB) |
PROBLEMS Origin of Stone Used to Build Selected Fortresses in Lower Silesia Pochodzenie kamienia użytego do budowy wybranych twierdz na Dolnym Śląsku Marek W. Lorenc Jerzy Potyrała SUMMARYA variety of rock material was used to build the walls of the Fortress in Srebrna Góra (Silver Mountain). Most of it was fine-grain laminated gneisses and mica slates quarried on site. The entrance to casemates and the frames of merlons and all corners, edges, and rain-pipes were made from beige or grey and beige sandstone from Radków or red-coloured sandstone from Czerwieńczyce. A detailed analysis of the stone material found within the entire fort showed, that though it varies somewhat in terms of colour, the petrographic features are represented by three types of rock: granites, gneisses, and sandstones. The basic material used for the construction of walls included fine-grained biotite granites from the Maciejowice, Malerzowice, and Starowice regions and also leucogranites and aplites from the Jarnołtów, Nadziejów, and Kamienna Góra regions. In addition to these rocks, fine-grained gneisses were also quarried and used that were part of the cover of xenoliths. Lightyellow sandstones from the Żelazno area in the Kłodzko Valley were most probably used for building window frames and vents. Krakow Fortress and Fortress Cultural Parks – Opportunities and Threats Twierdza Kraków a Forteczne Parki Kulturowe – szanse i zagrożenia Elżbieta Stach SUMMARYMilitary architecture and the greenery from fortress sites, which constitute historical defensive landscapes, together represent public resources that are part of Poland’s cultural heritage. Uncontrolled urban development, which intensively accelerates in attractive places, has contributed to significant changes in the landscape. Historical fortified areas undoubtedly belong to these kind of attractive landscapes. Three fortress cultural parks, currently operating in Poland, are an example of the fact that military heritage can be preserved and can become a showcase in a particular region. The parks are mainly engaged in preserving and revitalizing historic landscapes and using these resources for the development of tourism. Within the last few decades, the Krakow Fortress has failed to be included in any preservation and development plan, only single sites have been put into parts of different development projects. The Fortress could be saved by preserving it in the form of a cultural park. Such a project should be implemented as soon as possible, especially in areas where there are substantial changes taking place as a result of human activity. 3D Modeling of the Prussian Fortress in Nysa Using Laser Scanning Data Wykorzystanie danych skaningu laserowego do modelowania 3D fortów obronnych na przykładzie Fortu Prusy w Nysie Andrzej Borkowski Małgorzata Jarząbek-Rychard Przemysław Tymków Grzegorz Jóźków SUMMARYLaser scanning data, both airborne and terrestrial, are increasingly being used for 3D modeling. This is a particularly effective measurement technology for historic fortresses that are a combination of stone and earthen structures and that are usually covered by dense vegetation. This paper presents a methodology for constructing a realistic 3D model using the example of the Prussian Fortress in Nysa. The data used for modeling were collected by airborne and terrestrial laser scanning and supplemented with digital photos. Scanning was performed with a resolution of 12 points per m2 for the airborne platform and about 2 cm for the terrestrial one. The steps and requirements involved in modeling are presented in detail. The algorithms and software that were developed for this work highlight the potential that would be available by automating this process. The specifics of the model are discussed for this type of military structure on a combination of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning data. The issues of the level of detail and accuracy of the modeling are discussed, while emphasizing the opportunities for the use of laser scanning in landscape architecture. PRESENTATIONS Breslau Fortress Water Hazards at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries Przeszkody wodne Twierdzy Wrocław na przełomie XIX i XX w. Łukasz Pardela SUMMARYThis article is about the Breslau Fortress water hazards, which were planned during the First World War. It contains the combined results of archival queries and field research, mostly concerning the Oder River tributaries, Ślęza and Widawa, and part of the areas that are presently irrigation fields located in the north of the city. The article also highlights the importance of the flood control system and its connection with the ring fortress. The fortifications, which were advanced in their day, consisted of a number of hydro-engineering structures, which made it possible to flood and swamp the area to protect the fortress. Historic Fortifications in the Urban Landscape of Portugal (selected examples) Zabytkowe fortyfikacje w krajobrazie miejskim Portugalii (wybrane przykłady) Dominika Kuśnierz-Krupa SUMMARYThis article reviews the preservation and reconstruction of historic fortifications in the Portuguese cities of Lisbon, Porto, Funchal and Cascais. These cities, which have a range of cultural heritage resources, undertook projects to preserve and partially adapt the remains of modern fortifications. In Lisbon, the city is conducting restoration work at Forte de Sao Brune and Sao Juliao da Barra, as well as at the fortifications that defended the city along the Tagus river. In the Matosinhos district in Porto, conservation work has been carried out on the site of the Nossa Senhora das Neves fort, also known as the Castello de Matosinhos, which was built in the 17th century to defend the coast from pirates. In Funchal, which is the capital of Madeira and also called little Lisbon, the bastions of the Palacio de Sao Laurento and the fortalice de São Tiago also deserve attention for the recent conservation and restoration work done there. The restoration of the fort de Nossa Senhora da Luz in Cascais is an unusually well-planned design which took historic elements and introduced modern architectural detailing. The examples presented demonstrate how historic fortifications and ruins can be converted into new cultural elements of the city landscape through restorative projects that endow the sites with opportunities to develop tourism. Developing Tourism of Polish Castles and Fortified Manor Houses to Raise Interest in Historic Fortifications and Preserve Historic Landscape Monuments Zagospodarowanie turystyczne polskich zamków i dworów obronnych jako działanie na rzecz poprawy atrakcyjności dawnych fortyfikacji i ochrony krajobrazu warownego Aneta Pawłowska SUMMARYDeveloping tourism of historic fortifications requires appropriate investment planning along with conservation and restorative work. Sensible and well-planned investments to facilitate tourism can help to preserve historic landscapes. The aim of this article is to review the current situation of how tourism of castles and fortified manor houses is being developedg and how it could be further implemented in Poland to combine it with restoration and reconstruction efforts. Particular attention was paid to the fortified manor house, or castle, formerly of the Gładysz family in Szymbark, the castle in Korzkiew and the Dunajec Castle in Niedzica in the Małopolskie Voivodeship. Giving new purpose to historic fortifications while at the same time providing legal protection of historic sites, landscapes and the environment is an opportunity for sustainable development of tourism at these sites. Historic fortifications are increasingly becoming the focus of cultural tourism, and are being used as attractive sites for conferences and business functions. STANDARDS Participation of Non-Governmental Organisations in Shaping and Preserving Landscapes with Historic Fortifications – Chances and Opportunities in View of the Changing Perception of Landscape Udział organizacji pozarządowych w kształtowaniu i ochronie krajobrazu warownego – możliwości i szanse w obliczu zmieniającej się percepcji krajobrazu Anna Staniewska SUMMARYNon-governmental organisations, both in Poland and abroad, actively participate in the conservation and shaping of landscapes with historic fortifications. They can continue to play a significant and positive role in restoring and providing access to historic fortification sites, as seen by examples in other countries. In Poland, the role of NGO’s is often underestimated, although enthusiasts of public involvement tend to have unduly high hopes of their potential. This paper presents a review of third sector organisations that are engaged in restoring historic landscapes and making them available to the public. An analysis of illustrative examples shows that expert organisations of military historians and landscape architects and archaeologists can provide a potentially strong foundation for a wide range of revitalisation activities and substantial support for conservation services. Other groups include active community preservationists of historic sites, and re-enactment groups that attract tourists. Despite numerous positive steps, fortifications are still a largely forgotten heritage, often difficult for a wider audience to appreciate. Increased social awareness is a prerequisite for effective and active societal involvement in conservation. This study was undertaken to determine public attitudes toward historic fortifications and their societal value. The second part of the paper presents the results of a pilot study on landscape perception. The results show that given the low level of public awareness, the involvement of NGO’s is especially desirable for effective and systematic promotion of historic sites, as well as advice on resource inventory management, resource evaluation, and establishing guidelines for projects. FORUM The Intertwining of Nature and Culture Based on the New “City of Culture” in Galicia Spain Przenikanie się natury i kultury na przykładzie nowego „Miasta Kultury” w krajobrazie hiszpańskiej Galicji Miłosz Zieliński SUMMARYThis article is about the ongoing subject of how to intertwine nature or the natural processes that determine the physiological aspects of a landscape together with human civilization – the creator of culture that has a subsequent impact on the landscape. The basis of this article was a very interesting example taken from the project of Galicia – The City of Culture – in Spain. This investment project provides a valuable platform for discussion on architectural creativity and attitudes towards the natural environment as an expression of culture and its influence on the landscape. |
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