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The oldest, and the most popular definition of landscape architecture says, that its most important function is to create and preserve beauty in the surroundings of human habitations and in the boarder natural scenery of the country. The task defined as above, obliged us to the two different kinds of teaching. The first - oriented to the preservation - is easer, the second one - creation - is more difficult. The landscape is not a picture or a sculpture. It is a continuum and it has no limits. Even the schools of arts does not well prepared to creation of such a tasks. The creation in the such scale should be oriented to the composition factor in the scale of spatial planning, or better to say in the space of huge range. Following up off the T. Jefferson we can call it "the art of embellishing grounds by fancy". Instead of it, our students are overloaded by the easer, but vapid practice: the inventories of existing state of landscape and its classifications. The title of or conference is a good occasion to say about it and to change it.
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Praca stanowi próbę analizy transformacji małych miast we wsie oraz wsi w miasta. Obszar badań obejmuje Dolny Śląsk oraz Opolszczyznę i Lubuskie. Do badań wybrano zdegradowane miasta, które na przestrzeni dziejów utraciły prawa miejskie w wyniku wojen, pożarów, zarazy jak również wyczerpania złóż rudy żelaza i kopalń węgla. Do chwili obecnej około połowa z nich utrzymała swój miejski wygląd i odzyskała utracone prawa miejskie. Natomiast innymi miejscowościami są wsie, w których do dzisiaj zachował się miejski charakter. W badaniach przeprowadzono analizę historycznego charakteru rozważanych miejscowości oraz wnioski z obecnego stanu hierarchii sieci osadniczej.
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The article is based on cultural landscape research conducted by the authors in Rogalin in 2010. The research resulted in the village development strategy document. Many problems and conflicts in Rogalin are strongly connected with a gradual loss of landscape form legibility, which have two main reasons. The first is increasing urbanization pressure, caused by the neighbouring Poznan conurbation; the other is the inappropriately managed tourism, which is focused on the Raczynski family manor residence, avoiding other, potentially attractive parts of the village. Solving the spatial conflicts was possible thanks to the recognition of historical structures recognition and also by the designation of the character and meaning of traces established in the cultural landscape. Inside the village local memorial places could be found, which despite the gradual loss of its meaning still exists in the village population's awareness. The article's assumption implies that cultural landscape protection efficiency is dependent on its structure legibility. Also the local communities are more able to participate in the protection of places which are understood. It is necessary to answer the question which tools should be used in the reconstruction, enhancement and protection of landscape character. The village development strategy implies innovative solutions based on legible historical traces. The proposal for Rogalin provides not only adaptation of historical buildings, but also other landscape narrative ideas, such as spatial structure reconstruction, rebuilding scenic links, using phantoms, signs and symbols. The primary aim is not to create an open air museum, but protect the vitality and authenticity of Rogalin landscape as a place of human life.
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Landscape, which is a product of natural forces and human works, defined in many ways by representatives of such disciplines as geography, botany, ecology, geology or landscape architecture - seems to invariably be a "show environment" of human life. It is described in many scenes, seen at different scales, analyzed, protected and shaped by multiple methods and using a rich set of measures and ways developing for centuries. However, we can assume that only a man finds himself in the landscape as his interpreter of its existing "characteristics" and that he can transform them in a way that is motivated by different needs. Regardless of the omnipotence of natural forces, which, by natural disasters, earthquakes, floods, fires, extreme climatic factors are able to change the "faces of the earth", in a far faster, more efficient and large-area way, it is the man "present in the environment," which explores and makes sense the existing and transformed landscapes. Landscape attributed his eternal harmonious expression, leading and inspiring the balanced and sustainable actions, rejecting the destruction and devastation as a principle or method, and even the goal of visible human actions is commonly associated with the existing character of the world "for a long time". It is not always coincided with the truth, but the mere fact of a much lower technical capabilities during the past shows us the "sustainable landscapes", with the very power of nature and the creations of culture increasingly present with their structures and their unusual scale already of the ancient cities, buildings, forts, roads or ports seem to type in landscape or even respect him. The momentum of the contemporary, industrial, modern and postmodern, or even hyper-modern era, so to speak, "forced" the creation of landscape architecture as an art of shaping a space for meeting human needs across the landscape also filled with the mission of caring for the beauty in the surrounding of human habitations. Expression of the industrial and the post-industrial era seem to be landscapes implemented "immediately", buildings, cities, fortresses, factories, dams and those destroyed and changed " instantly " as a result even if warfare. This all is with the man "here and now." How, then, to imagine a new landscape or anew landscape in the coming decades or even centuries? Will the post-modern and hyper-modern man feel the need to stare at "the old identity of a place"? Will he build on the continuity of tradition and respect for what he received in the great act of creatio ex nihilo (= creation of nothing)? The all-powerful competition, universal "madness of profit," pseudo-freedom will not be in the "new" or even "anew" landscapes expressed with general insipidity and specific inertial character of the landscape, which tells us to live in non-places in an ever faster and more frequent movement? The authors are trying to find answers to these questions both in the concepts of preservation and conservation of landscape or landscape architecture objects, as well as their revalorization, and finally - creation in the area and scale of natural, rural, fortified, urban or park and garden landscapes.
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Area of the former Wilanów manorial economy is localized to the south of the Wilanów residence (presently a seat of the Wilanów Palace Museum) and historically constitutes its integral compositional element. Only recently spatial arrangement of the manorial economy, in a great measure, was still visible. Still today exists a large part of farm buildings. The manorial economy terrain is legally protected only as a part of the monumental urban complex of Wilanów. The area is not separately included in the monuments register. Despite still visible spatial values of the manorial economy, recently, construction of the new apartment house complex within the area was authorized. The new housing buildings were introduced to the terrain between the Wilanów Lake, constituting a water axis of the Wilanów landscape park and the Stanisław Kostka Potocki's street, historical road connecting the Wilanów residence with the manorial economy, encroaching on the former manorial economy courtyard. Introducing the new apartment house complex destroyed historical spatial composition of the manorial economy. Furthermore, multi-storey apartment houses dwarf historical farm buildings. Although the existing monumental buildings are planned to be preserved and adapted, their present technical condition and threats evoked by the new neighborhood are alarming. The article is aimed to briefly outline problems of conservator's protection of the Wilanów manorial economy which result from insufficient legal protection and complicated structure of landownership. It also tries to analyze how we can counteract negative transformations in its spatial structure.
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The mountainous areas from their nature are predetermined for the development of the specialty tourism, i.e. mountain hiking and skiing. The downhill skiing especially requires special resources in the form of ski routes and ski lifts. Development of such technical bases within the space happens at the expense of the existing vegetation, especially the trees, which in the natural way reduce the danger of erosion, avalanches and the spring floods in the mountains. Incorrectly designed and placed accommodation facilities become other foreign objects as well. The Bukovel facility is located in the eastern Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine. It is the largest skiing complex in that country; build in the so far natural mountainous landscape. On the slopes of three neighboring mountains 20 ski routes were marked out with the combined length of 55 km and 20 ski lifts were built. The whole investment is planned for 120 km of routes and double the number of lifts, which will devour more of the pristine territories. Between the ski routes many accommodation and support facilities are being built in the high concentration and very dynamically. The Bukovel ski complex is an example of the extensively aggressive consumption of the space for the tourism and recreation purposes. At this moment we can observe the total physiognomy transformation of this, until recently, natural landscape. Transformations this rapid result in the destabilization of the ecosystem. Within the territory of the operation, the week links can be observed in the form of erosion damage, dying trees and at this moment it is impossible to estimate the influence of those changes on the surrounding area.
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Zieleń stanowi nieodzowny element miejskiego krajobrazu. Rośliny przyczyniają się do polepszenia środowiska - pomagają zwalczać hałas, wzbogacają atmosferę w tlen i usuwają dwutlenek węgla. Charakterystyczną cechą odróżniającą miejską florę od flory naturalnej jest silniejszy dynamizm i duża rozmaitość roślin. Orel jest położony w środkowej części Centralnej Wyżyny Rosyjskiej. Drzewa w mieście są słabe, ponieważ w Orle występuje silny wpływ antropogeniczny z powodu istnienia na jego obszarze fabryk reprezentujących prawie wszystkie gałęzie przemysłu. W badaniach oszacowano parametry taksonów zieleni w Orle, stwierdzając występowanie 78 taksonów drzew i krzewów.
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Monument creations are spatial carriers of collective memory, bringing in a natural landscape compositions resulting from the integration of different fine arts. The large-spatial formula of the memorial place was developed in the Polish monumental art in the 60s of the twentieth century. Artists inspired by the novel design concepts (including Open Form of Oskar Hansen) began to create spatial visualizations of memory in places of significant historical events.There arose poignant monument creations on areas of the former extermination camps like Death Camp Victims Memorial in Treblinka, or Monument to Struggle and Martyrdom in Majdanek. The famous battlefields sites (Grunwald, Westerplatte) were also architectural organized, which became the inspiration for the event organizers called historical reconstructions. Landscapes of memory also appeared in the space of Polish cities. The Polish culture can boast of realizations of commemorative art which are innovative in the world. In the twenty-first century, the spatial form of remembrance is still growing, varied with new elements arising from the cultural conditions and new experiences in the art of remembrance.
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One of the most important consequences of the design relating to human behavior is to facilitate or to discourage contacts between people. The method of shaping of the physical space can affect the way of the social space use. The concept of an interactional space corresponds to a holistic approach of place in which a set of spatial-physical attributes assisting social contacts in a particular location creates a appropriate situation for social contacts. The interactional nature of public spaces in the city is affected by several functional, structural and aesthetic factors of the environment. The presented paper describes these factors and shows on selected examples how they are used in the analysis of interactive features of public space.
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In the Middle Ages in the area of today's Poland the Order of Cistercians founded twenty six male monasteries located in the historical Polish regions of Lesser Poland, Greater Poland, Silesia and Pomerania. Nowadays, in the age of the search for common cultural origins, it is the Cistercians who can be pronounced the forerunners of the united Europe. Hence, it is essential to identify and protect the relics of the Order which from the beginning of its existence has been connected with farming and has become an important part of the landscape of the countries where it built its monasteries. The cultural and landscape virtues of every monastery and its surrounding lands make it our obligation to put them under special protection. The destruction of historical architecture and the dangers of the rapid urbanization of Poland, together with the general lack of land utilization plans give every right to claim that now is our final chance to classify all that is still left from historical Cistercian landscapes in Poland, and to explore the directions in which they evolved in the context of their obvious links to European art. It is certain that only detailed analyses of functional and spatial transformations can tell us something about the development that Cistercian landscape compositions have undergone. Only on that basis can we predict further changes, identify possible dangers and establish the laws of protection suitable for the discussed group of historic monuments. Presenting forms of cultural and environmental protection applicable for post-Cistercian landscape can help to predict future architectural transformations of monastic and postmonastic complexes, assuming, of course, they are effective and that the urbanization rush on protected areas is brought to a halt. It should be stressed that analyzing landscape of architectural complexes dating back to medieval times gives solid ground to establish the direction of transformations and new development tendencies connected with the urbanization of land previously managed by the Cistercians and being today utilized in a variety of other ways. The conclusions of such analyses are universal, since not only do they make us realize what spatial solutions has led contemporary society to take over landscape to a such a great extent, but also enable us to see the dangers that come with excessive landscape anthropogenisation.
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W artykule przedstawiono architekturę krajobrazu jako element humanistycznego wychowania. Istnieje wiele możliwości kształtowania percepcji studentów poprzez filozofię ogrodów. Poznawanie stylów architektury krajobrazu ułatwia rozwój kreatywności, zdolności i działań artystycznych. W artykule omówiono różnorodne edukacyjne metody rozwijające doznania estetyczne studentów, komunikatywność, zdolności społeczne rozumienia teorii, umiejętność publicznych wystąpień. Mając na uwadze praktyczny cel edukacyjny posłużono się działalnością Claude'a Moneta w Giverny.
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A garden is a testimony to the uniqueness of culture in time and place. Works of garden art quickly absorb new trends and fashions, are open to inspirations. The modern ones are often characterized by their diversity and an ability to stimulate different senses. The article presents landscapes created from anew - historical and modern gardens - unique 'living' objects of cultural heritage. It describes restoring hundred years old gardens and parks, and more modern ones, to their former glory. Examples of historical objects variously reconstructed and revalorized are given. Gardens which changed their function and are geared to receive a broader public, as well as those which commemorate the past. The second aspect addressed in the article is using historic models and references to the past in creating new landscapes, and also how this contributes to their educational value.
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Dwellings of farm workers were often built at the same time as actual farm buildings. Their composition, form and architecture were dependent on the epoch they were built in, but above all, on wealth and awareness of their owners. Their spatial arrangement and architectural decor of those days have always had great influence on both: cultural values and the perception of modern Polish country.
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The authors used three example variants of rural development solutions to present the problem of defining the space of the contemporary countryside gardens of small, local parish communities in the former GDR, taking into consideration its integrative function. The three design subjects presented in the paper (each developed with two variants) concern spatial arrangement of a parish garden as a public space for: community meetings and recreation (example 1 - fig. 1, 2), studying and recreation (example 2 - fig. 3, 4), and relaxation/ meditation (example 3 - fig. 5, 6). All of them in the same attempt to organize space of wastelands; areas devastated culturally and naturally, but still important in the spatial structure of the town. The relations between the presented places local their use by local parish communities served as an impulse to define the fundamental, conceptual presumptions that let the presented composition suggestions take into account their timeless role of humanization of open space, with their potential standard of usage. One essential value of the presented examples is their practical potential - expected investment decisions after their public presentation to entire local communities (with declared support) - fig.7.
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Alternative storm water management measures meet with growing interest in creating the landscape of urban spaces. Apart from their undeniable aesthetic qualities we also pay attention to their versatility, especially in the context of sustainable water management and protection against local inundation. Solutions such as green roofs, rain gardens, storage ponds, stepped swales or a properly designed green belts along the roads are kind of "oasis" that can collect and store rainwater in a in face of increasingly severe periodic excesses or deficiencies in the water. These features may decide on their usefulness in citizens' adaptation to ongoing climate change and reducing influence of the urban areas on the floodability.
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The paper discusses transformations observed in urban green spaces in the city of Olsztyn over the last ten years, determined based on the results of a survey and an analysis of the Green Space Management Strategy implemented in Olsztyn. There is a spatially uneven distribution of green areas over the city - the northern part of Olsztyn offers abundant green space, while in the southern part green areas are scarce. Managed urban green space, forests and allotment gardens account for approximately 37% of the total city area. In order to maintain and protect urban green space, zoning plans should cover the entire area of Olsztyn (today they cover around 50% of the city area).
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Dawne koryto rzeki Turia kształtowało się na przestrzeni wieków, było wcześniej północną granicą zabytkowego miasta Walencji, centralnym miejskim ciekiem wodnym, a następnie po katastrofalnej powodzi w roku 1957 i zmianie biegu rzeki, zostało przekształcone w bezwodną otwartą przestrzeń przechodzącą z zachodu na wschód tego wielkomiejskiego obszaru liczącego 1,5 mln ludności. Ta potrójna forma granic, element centralny i otwarta przestrzeń, wyznaczyły związek rzeki z miastem Walencja i towarzyszyły rozwojowi cennego dziedzictwa wzdłuż jej biegu oraz przy zmianie eksploatacji jej koryta i brzegów. Po krótkim wstępie, niniejszy artykuł analizuje przekształcenie starej rzeki Turia w park liniowy o długości 8,5 km o ogromnej wartości kulturowej, środowiskowej i rekreacyjnej. Ten park, który w rzeczywistości jest wyznaczony przez ciąg niezależnych projektów, stanowi doskonałą okazję do zbadania niektórych kluczowych aspektów pod względem definicji regionalnych i miejskich systemów zielonych, znaczenia społecznego zaangażowania i udziału społeczeństwa w tworzeniu naszych miast, istotnej roli architektury krajobrazu, którą może odegrać ona w planowaniu urbanistycznym i pogodzeniu różnych interesów i paradygmatów, które mogą odgrywać kluczową rolę w projektowaniu i utrzymaniu nowych terenów zieleni miejskiej.
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Urban and industrial greenery of nineteenth and early twentieth century is the subject of an extensive range of garden art of combining aspects of urban, cultural and historical issues of both maintenance and revalorization. These areas have a variety of forms and functions, for responding to the deteriorating housing conditions, social, urban colonies and other systems associated with the mining, manufacturing and complementary industry. Also in the Upper Silesia municipal park, folk park, squares, avenues were founded to bear the aesthetic space, and above all improve the quality of life. In the colonies and settlements of workers the functions were more complex: relaxing and production were in the allotment gardens, home and interblock gardens: hygienic, social, cultural and educational: metallurgical parks, mining parks, folk parks; protective: belts of woodlands surrounding industrial objects. Another group were the decorative and usable gardens surrounding the villa type objects, typical for the architecture and philosophy of this period. All of these areas combined with the avenues and boulevards, green areas, public facilities companion, were the urban space, often with high utilitarian and composition values . Currently, the lack of recognition and care of these areas causes nurturing of these areas, by what the Upper Silesian landscape loses its natural values, but also historical and cultural sites. Therefore, this article is an attempt to identify the resource, systematic and conservation status and problems of restoration of 19th century green spaces of Upper Silesian centers about industrial character.
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This work presents an attempt to analyse monastery-garden establishments present in selected Polish cities. The influence of the Order of Friar Minors on the cultural development, education and school system of selected cities is underappreciated. The whole composition of complexes apart from the cubature of the temple and monastery buildings were inherently gardens. Due to the beggarly character of the order their functioning was based on utilitarianism. Throughout centuries gardens were transformed - now with viridaria are an undeniably trace of tradition and heritage inscribing in the trend connected with Christian Europe. Currently, often with blurred composition, it is destined for different than original functions, dictated by contemporary needs.
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The publication deals with the issue of protection of trees in the light of the provisions of applicable law in Poland. It is a voice in the ongoing discussion for several years on the quality of the protection of trees, especially in the areas of investment. Compensatory plantings, also called replacement plantings are possible action in light of the right to compensate for anticipated losses in the investment process. Unfortunately, the legislator does not specify clearly the essential details of the decision taking into account the compensatory plantings. Does it make that such administrative decisions in Poland are not often?
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In spaces urbanized all surfaces after which we move on foot or they vehicles are called the floor. Common floor, the walls of buildings, tree, monument and rolling there life create together the kind of the physiognomical background. In the composition of elements creators of the background, the aesthetical quality of the plane of the floor is not valued in the appropriate way. The fact be can confirmation this, that during the moving after the sidewalks of cities, we do not pay mostly the attention to this, how many various devices of the infrastructure of technical, he is on their surface. The full or open-work covers of sewages and manholes, the casing of hydraulic and gas valves, hydrants and different similar devices are stepping out the most often birth-marks of this infrastructure every kind. Objects served by workers municipal services are this and there is no need them clear to exhibit in the public space. You should not so admit to this, it would be on the plane of the floor clearly visible accidental location of these devices, the their slovenliness of settling or applying unsuitable materials. If this we see all on sidewalks, then the feeling of spatial disarrays is the consequence of these observations. Clearly perceived disarrays in the way of the location of these devices also has the negative influence how we estimate the whole public space of the city and his character on this. This impressions are not able to even eliminate buildings about the high architectural class or the monuments which are in close neighbourhood of such surface. He results from conducted investigations, that Warsaw belong to these cities the infrastructures of the Telekomunikacja Polska S.A. are dominated through clearly visible elements in the whose surfaces of the municipal floor. He results that places of location of these devices in the most representative part of Warsaw are placed in accidental way and their placing in the surface of the sidewalk from the visual opinion he is the confirmation of executive carelessness. Installing these objects before the main entries to important state and private institutions, on foot touristic routs or the direct influence has on this in what way in the vicinity of monuments we estimate the visually capital public space.
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The fascination of the natural beauty of light and shadow was accompanied by a man from the beginnings of civilization. We can find evidences for it both in the cosmological concepts of different cultures, as well as in the rich symbolism associated with the worship of deities. With the development of technique it was sought to create their own ever more perfect light sources that would be able to match and even surpass the beauty of the optical phenomena observed in nature. Analysis of the importance of light, understanding its nature, observation of nature and realization how great and important tool it becomes in the hands of a designer, should become a responsibility of everyone who wants to use him to create landscapes. It must be kept in mind that light as a material in space gives it a visual, formal, utilitarian, and semantic sense. In the night landscape the light emphasizes the existing dominants or extracts other elements hard to see during the day. The light changes the image of reality, giving the space a "second life". The light can make it, what objective and subjective, scientific and intuitive, natural and cultural heritage will become inseparable. The light can mediate in "materializing" of space, whose nature remains for us always mysterious and intangible. It must be remembered that "make the world visible is the physical role of light, but also the metaphorical role of the art", which also includes the art of building the space with light.

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Article will be devoted to lighting and illumination planning in the scale of the city. Experience shows that in Western European countries to creating of comprehensive urban lighting project entails many positive aspects, not only in the field of urban planning, but also economic, sociological and artistic planning. The result is a transformation of urban landscape, which becomes clearer, harmonious, and friendly for residents and tourists. The new image of the city highlights values of the locality where it is easier to navigate and more interesting to live not only in the daytime, but by evening and night. This paper will discuss the main aims of illumination, and ways to create comprehensive plans for lighting on the examples of European cities.
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The dissertation cites the basic legal regulations governing landscape conservation and management, including the extent to which they are formally binding and affecting the landscape of the Great Masurian Lake District. The extent to which these legal regulations govern the area has been presented graphically on a map depicting the analyzed land. Taking into the consideration the legislative source of particular legal acts as well as the extent to which they govern the whole district, a picture of legally protected nature areas has been obtained, including the specific features and the weight of each nature protection act. In parallel, the status of spatial zoning has been examined in the communes (gmina) situated in the analyzed area and the way administrative decisions are actually passed by the supervising district administrative units (starostwo). The analysis presented in this article enables the author to formulate a general conclusion that the question of 'landscape protection' is largely a consequence of the lexical function of this term in each of the currently binding legal regulations. It is difficult to establish common ground for all the binding regulations in order to achieve a successful and multi-facet conservation of landscape values. The existing law does not prevent degradation (unfortunately already visible in many places) of the unique landscape unless the local governments of each of the analyzed communes will actively and purposefully participate in nature protection.
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The problem of unfinished building sites accompanies structures all around the world from the day one. Many times the works fell victim to a set of random economical, property- oriented or health-related factors, on various steps of development. But one thing is a temporary delay of works - from the aesthetic point of view it's a small inconvenience (assuming the deadline is well-known and near), and the other is a "forever" building site, which is a synonym of a bad economy and wastage in the whole area. The Cracow example can be the famous "skeletor" - a giant skyscraper with structural origins from a few decades now. This work presents a dozen selected examples in Malopolska Upland pointing out the deadlock of said problem which became the source of marring the landscape.
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In the updated Waste Management Plan for the city of Wroclaw for the years 2009-2012 there was assumed the construction of four Voluntary Waste Collection Points in Wroclaw (PDGO). To such the points residents will be able to deliver the waste of raw materials (paper, plastics, glass, metals), dangerous wastes (e.g. expired medicines, paints, fluorescent lamps, etc.), large-size wastes (furniture) and electrical and electronic waste, and similar wastes. The construction of the first PDGO is scheduled in Wrocław at ul. Michalczyka 9. Unlike other such facilities in Poland and abroad, by the design of PDGO at ul. Michalczyka was laid very strong emphasis on its educational functions, in particular for children and youth in the field of waste management.

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