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No 4/2009, vol. 25 Relations between City and River Relacje między miastem a rzeką SUMMARIES page 79 DOWNLOAD ALL (95,0 MB) |
PROBLEMS A River in a City Centre Landscape - a Boundary and the Quality of a Public Area Rzeka w krajobrazie śródmieścia - linia graniczna i jakość przestrzeni publicznej Małgorzata Drożdż-Szczybura SUMMARY
Lasting relationships between settlements and water, especially a river, are characteristic of the majority of world cultures. Creation of the major ancient civilizations was closely connected with the existence of major rivers. When founding a city on a riverbank, the founders were above all guided by practical factors. Parallel to this the cult of the river developed. Along with the development of cities, composition and aesthetic roles of a river in a city became more important, especially in its central part, namely the city centre. River channels within cities underwent some changes. Along with the physical ones in the riverbed, a river was frequently "shifted" in a city plan to a down-town area. A river as a separation strip, area, or boundary, shapes both positive and negative components of a down-town landscape. A city centre river valley has the potential to create and model public areas, which form a positive image of a city in the users' minds. It may highlight its beauty or mitigate the imperfections of urbanized surroundings. The essential goal for those who contemporarily shape down-town river valleys is not to let a valley separate or negatively distinguish the areas situated on both its sides. Instead, it should create a friendly and human-oriented down-town public area.
The Shaping of Vistula River Surrounds in the Centre of Cracow - History and Modernity Kształtowanie najbliższego otoczenia Wisły w centrum Krakowa - historia i współczesność Agata Zachariasz SUMMARY
The presence of a river in the city centre undoubtedly enhances the attractiveness of the landscape. The number of natural points, viewing vistas and exposed places increases, which is also influenced by topography. That is the case in Cracow, where the Vistula river cuts through the city. Over the centuries the river has been changing its corridor, the most memorable in the city's landscape being the one with the Vistula taking a sharp turn round Wawel Hill, and dividing near Kazimierz into the Old and New Vistula. In the 19th century the modern landscape of the Vistula Valley started to take shape, especially with its strong focus on bridges. However, only the last quarter of that century brought the first attempts of complex flood prevention initiatives. From the very beginning, the issue of regulating the river and developing its near surrounds raised heated arguments, with aesthetic values at the heart of the matter. The issue of developing riverside areas, particularly in the 20th and at the start of the 21st century caused similar debates, was widely discussed and sometimes became the object of contests. A number of studies and landscape analyses were carried out. Among the numerous proposals and realizations are: the amphitheatre in the Vistula bend, hotels, Museum of Japanese Art and Technology "Manggha", Kotlarski bridge, Kazimierz Gallery, Tadeusz Kantor Museum as well as many pedestrian overpasses and promenades.
Mutual Relations of Towns and Rivers Wzajemne relacje małych miast i rzek Irena Niedźwiecka-Filipiak Zuzanna Borcz SUMMARY
Mutual relations of towns and rivers is closely connected to the research project elaborated by us entitled: "Transformations town-village and village-town as a shaping factor for cultural landscape". The project includes questions connected with places which are located on the lower stages of the settlement network which are often called downgraded towns. This group includes small towns and villages which descend from larger towns. They used to be selfsufficient units at one time but now are absorbed by nearby cities or connected, creating new cities by joining two or more units. In Lower Silesia region and in neighbourhood areas, the number of such places is quite high, many of them lost their city rights directly after the war in 1945, and while a large number of them retracted those rights, others play the part of commune villages and very few are administrative units (so called "sołectwo"). To present the questions of mutual relations between small towns and the river, the most likely representative places for the whole set were chosen, which at the same time illustrate the influence of the river on historical and modern architecture, and present advantages and threats originated from the neighbourhood of water,and also on shaping of a landscape where river, lake, pool or even a small watercourse or water basin are essential factors. The chosen places were divided into two basic groups
- Low-lying, along the course of the Odra river. - In mountain areas, in Kłodzko Land and in the Czech Republic. Surface water can in various ways influence the attractiveness of the place where they exist. Near big rivers there is a possibility of organizing river harbours for touristic movements which connect separate places along the river. Appropriate management of river banks which run through separate places can increase the area of terrains intended for leisure and recreation (embankments along the river). PRESENTATIONS Water in the Landscape of a Big City on the Basis of Copenhagen Woda w krajobrazie dużego miasta na przykładzie Kopenhagi Eleonora Gonda-Soroczyńska SUMMARY
Many big cities are located on water (seas, rivers). We can enumerate some of them such as: Warsaw and Cracow on the Vistula, Prague on the Vltava, Paris on the Seine, Rome on the Tiber, London on the Thames, Berlin on the Spree. An interesting example is Copenhagen - the capital of Denmark, the oldest kingdom in the world (1,700,000 inhabitants, area 43,000 km2 ). It is located on one of the 406 Danish islands i.e. Zealand, on the Sound (Oresund) sea strait, with numerous waterways running into the city. The amount of water present in the direct city surroundings considerably influences the metropolis landscape. Seaside and riverside towns usually owe their size, development and strong connections with other countries to the water areas. The presence of water in their landscape influenced their unique character, individual form and exceptional face. Copenhagen developed very quickly, especially thanks to its localization near waters, strengthening its position and becoming one of the most important centres of communication and trade in Europe. Its landscape, in particular the old town and the town centre resembles Amsterdam (it is popularly called "Little Amsterdam"). The issues of water in towns and waters on which the city is located is the subject of many theoretical discussions connected with creating the harmonious landscape of urbanized river valleys.
The Effect of Spatial Planning Studies on the Functioning of Fortification Facilities in the Urban Landscape Wpływ opracowań z dziedziny planowania przestrzennego na funkcjonowanie obiektów fortecznych w krajobrazie miasta Agnieszka Wilkaniec Maria Chojnacka SUMMARY
Forts of the outer fortification ring in the city of Poznań, according to a design of Władysław Czarnecki,were to constitute the basis for the construction of a green belt surrounding the city. Planning decisions made after WWII resulted in spaces between forts becoming covered by increasingly dense building development, which eventually made it impossible to create a continuous green belt. Still, as late as the 1990's designs were created,aimed at linking 18 fortification objects so that they could constitute a comprehensive system, following the concept of their historic functioning. However, these plans were never realized. Studies on spatial planning developed at present may determine how visible the preserved systems connected with the Poznań Fortress are going to be and how they will function in the urban landscape.
The Role of the River Odra's Tributaries in the Shaping of Modern Fortifications in Wroclaw at the Turn of the Nineteenth/Twentieth Century Rola dopływów rzeki Odry w kształtowaniu wrocławskich fortyfikacjach nowożytnych na przełomie XIX/XX w. Łukasz Pardela Radosław Stodolak SUMMARY
Among numerously preserved cultural heritage of the Odra Valley, which is strongly connected with the river itself, greatest attention should be paid to the relics of modern-area fortifications of Wrocław. They originate from the 19th and 20th centuries, the period of great regulation works and the building of Wrocław Water Junction. This was also a period of touristic and leisure splendor of the Odra River. The course of fortifications of a light annular fortress which was built around the city was decided by its tributaries the Bystrzyca, Oława, Ślęza, Widawa and Czarny Potok. Most of the fortifications with an efficient influence on military functioning of the fortresses in this period had military water dams on the Widawa and Ślęza. They were used to flood the area in the foreground of the fortress at the moment the city was threatened. The external defense ring of the city comprised of small stable fortifications. Water obstacles together with the system of planned masking greenery creating something in the form of a "buckle" and sealing the spaces between fortress buildings. The article comments on the importance of 'military water dams' in the concept of protection of Wrocław Fortress, historical outline of their creation, taking into consideration the present anti-flood system. The connection between them and shaping city suburbs has also been indicated.
MATERIALS Railway Crossings in the Landscape of the Bystrzyca Valley Przeprawy kolejowe w krajobrazie doliny Bystrzycy Janusz Gubański Elżbieta Podgórska SUMMARY
Bridge crossings as well as other structures that overcome territorial or transportation barriers represent an indispensable element of the surrounding landscape. Appearing within the span of decades, bridge structures and permanent viaducts have infiltrated the landscape of urbanized areas. With regard to open terrain, especially in areas with high value defined by preserved nature and the visual quality of landscape, these structures become significant points of distinction, often altering the landscape's spatial quality. Characteristic buildings, whose architectonic forms possess independent value, assume a new expression and grace, when they blend with a picturesque landscape. While standing as monuments to the power of technology, and the skill of designers and builders, they simultaneously become symbols of coexistence of advanced technology and the natural environment. The cultural and landscape value of railway crossings (bridges and viaducts) of the now closed Bystrzyca Valley Railway are discussed in the article. The concept of preservation and exposition of the assets of the railway route with particular allowance for engineering structures, is also presented.
The Fence - Past and Present Płot - dawniej i dziś Hanna Marszałek SUMMARY
Inhabitants of the countryside can nowadays be divided into two very distinct groups: long standing farm owners and former citizens of big cities who have relocated in recent years. This migration caused by several factors, mostly financial, is linked with the rapid increase in city flat prices. Besides that, moving to the country has become a fashion, and living away from the city has been considered good style. These newcomers are comprised of people from all social and financial backgrounds. The coexistence of such diversified social groups has resulted in the new shape of a Polish village, especially in the vicinity of big agglomerations and tourist attraction spots. Along with the changes in appearance of the buildings, we can observe modifications in other elements of architecture. A rural path or street no longer resembles what we hold in our memories and imagination. Rustic wooden fences, overgrown with blossoming plants are a rarity now. What we mostly come across are fences with a capital 'F'. There is an observable new tendency to isolate individual households. Newly-mounted fences are becoming higher and higher and still more bulky. Another visible trend is implementing solutions epitomizing their proprietors' dreams of power, importance and good taste. In effect what we witness is great chaos and ugliness, which is very hard to control
STANDARDS The Landscape and Environmental Values of Eastern Park in Wrocław Walory krajobrazowe i przyrodnicze Parku Wschodniego we Wrocławiu Elżbieta Szopińska Anna Popów-Nowicka SUMMARY
Eastern Park is situated in the southeastern part of Wrocław, in Księże Małe district. Its history is relatively short in comparison with other green areas of this type in Wrocław. It was arranged at the beginning of the 20th century, in answer to the needs of citizens of an intensively expanding city. The exact date of origin of the conception by Paul Dannenberg is unknown, but it is known that earthwork was carried out from 1927 until 1929. Its specific location on an island surrounded by water of the Lower and Upper Oława rivers had an influence on species growing in the park (species of wetland area). Most of the trees are native species. The Forest stand is dominated by alder (Alnus glutinosa), besides these there is a significant number of oak (Quercus robur), maple (Acer campestre) and ash trees (Fraxinus exelsior). There are also a few interesting foreign species like: wingnut (Pterocarya fraxinifolia), oak (Quercus palustris), birch (Betula papyrifera) and cork tree (Phelodendron amurense). The park has remained in almost unchanged shape until the present day. Natural arrangement of plants and a great number of streams makes Eastern Park a place with great untapped recreational potential.
Urban Greenway - Landscape Form of the Salgir River Riverfront (Crimea, Ukraine) Zielona arteria miasta - krajobrazowa postać doliny rzeki Sałgir (Krym, Ukraina) Tatiana Tokarczuk SUMMARY
The quality of life in modern cities depends on many factors. The river as an objective border concentrates differeznt natural and cultural elements and plays a significant part in the urban structure. The way of accomplishment of riversides have an influence on the urban composition and its functional zones. An interesting example, which was designed according to the spirit of that time, is the riverfront of the Salgir river in Simferopol (Crimea, Ukraine). During the late 1970s the riverside was comprehensively arranged in the urban section and a functional and aesthetic recreation area was built - parks, public gardens, boulevards etc. The greenway became the most favourite meeting place of the towndwellers. It was realized according to the 10th five-year plan of socialist development, the river with regular banks together with natural elements had almost become a symbol of the epoch, that proclaimed the supremacy of man over the environment. Now the greenway demands complex renovation and, first of all, adaptation to the contemporary needs of citizens as well as regulation of particular chaotic investments on the riverbanks.
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