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No 2/2009, vol. 23 Landscape - Our Common Good Krajobraz-nasze wspólne dobro SUMMARIES page 94 DOWNLOAD ALL (73,9 MB) |
| PROBLEMS Polish Landscape Architecture in the Year 2009 Polska architektura krajobrazu w roku 2009 Przemysław Wolski SUMMARY
In 2009, Polish landscape architecture comprises 17 faculties in institutions of higher learning: educating students for landscape architect Masters and Engineers degrees, in addition to 166 technical colleges and 46 vocational colleges educating landscape architect technicians. There is still unresolved status of the landscape architect profession. There is the European Landscape Convention which has been waiting for 5 years to be implemented. There is also the ever increasing spatial chaos and landscape destruction. 2009 is also the year of hope for: stronger connection of landscape architecture with all activities which could influence the landscape; legislating real means of protection for objects of landscape architecture; normalising conditions of performing the landscape architect's profession; defining the place of landscape architecture among other sciences and other fields of education. To implement such a defined programme, one needs a strong, joint and active professional environment, which cares about high standards in Polish landscape architecture.
Achievements of Landscape Studies by the Institute of Geography and Regional Development (IGIRR) Dorobek studiów krajobrazowych Instytutu Geografii i Rozwoju Regionalnego Adolf Szponar Jerzy Wyrzykowski SUMMARY
The research activities on the material components and landscape physiognomy conducted at the Institute of Geography and Regional Development of the University of Wrocław between years 1946 and 2008 are presented. During these years, many research topics related to the landscape have been investigated, i.e. studies on paleogeography of Sudety Foreland, studies on formation of Odra Valley, and changes of loess environment in the region of Lower Silesia. Recently, landscape component of highland and mountain geocomplexes has been intensively studied. Landscape physiognomy of Poland in the tourism aspects have become a research topic at the Institute of Geography and Regional Development in the 80-ties of the last century. The main goals were: landscape typologies related to the relief, vegetation cover and antropogenic changes of the terrain, the society's landscape perception and complex evaluation of the physiognomy of the distinguished types of landscape.
Landscape as an Economic Category Krajobraz jako kategoria ekonomiczna Andrzej Graczyk SUMMARY
The paper analyses the basic questions of landscape as an economic category: Destination (functions), property and the way of expressing value. The landscape as a productive factor, due to its special features, is a part of the production process of many other goods, and particularly in services, created in enterprises and households. The landscape as a service makes possible a direct satisfaction of consumers' needs. The landscape as such creates the conditions for economic activity and is suitable for actions bringing about prosperity enlargement. The property rights to a landscape are usually limited. The landscape most often represents features of common good for whose condition public authorities are responsible. It is not a typical product whose value can be estimated and verified by the market.
Polish Landscape Architects Association SUMMARY
The motion concerning the foundation of the Polish Landscape Architects Association was passed at the International Congress of Polish Landscape Architects (Cracow, 20-22 September, 2007). During the XI Forum of Landscape Architecture debates (Poznań, 11- 13 September 2008), 44 persons acceded to the created SPAK and a Founding Committee was elected. Unfortunately, the committee did not manage to get the statute ready in the statutory time and register the association. On the 19th February 2009, at Natural Science University in Wrocław the next SPAK founding meeting was held, attended by 20 people: Zuzanna Borcz, Aleksander Böhm, Jacek Burdziński, Magdalena Iwona Czałczyńska-Podolska, Andrzej Drabiński, Franciszek Gospodarczyk, Renata Gubańska, Agnieszka Kępkowicz, Antoni Marek Kosmala, Krzysztof Kotwas, Zbigniew Kuriata, Jacek Markowski, Krzysztof Młynarczyk, Irena Niedżwiecka- Filipiak, Bartłomiej Rachwał, Elżbieta Maria Raszeja, Jacek Rybarkiewicz, Marcin Sobota, Jan Sztejn and Marta Weber-Siwirska. The founders of SPAK decided to create an association, whose full name will read as follows: "Polish Landscape Architects Association, with head office in Wrocław, Plac Grunwaldzki 24a" they accepted the Association Statute and elected the Founding Committee (Aleksander Böhm, Magdalena Iwona Czałczyńska-Podolska, Andrzej Drabiński, Elżbieta Maria Raszeja and Jacek Rybarkiewicz,) who filed the documents necessary for registration in the District Court. By court decree of 26th June 2009 of the District Court for Wrocław- Fabryczna in Wrocław, 4th Economics Department of the State Judiciary Register, The Association of Polish Landscape Architects has been entered into the Register of Associations, Other Social and Professional Organizations, Foundations and Public Health Care Institutions under the number KRS: 0000330870).
The High-Rise and the Public Park: Functional and Landscape Relations, Part II Wieżowiec i park publiczny - relacje funkcjonalne i krajobrazowe, część II Krystyna Pawłowska SUMMARY
Shocking though this juxtaposition may seem, an analysis between the relations between the high-rise at the public park brings interesting conclusions concerning the manner in which a city develops. The article presents a short theoretical introduction followed by a number of case studies from New York, Tokyo, Kraków, and Gdańsk, with the idea behind being to draw conclusions useful in the current development of Polish cities. Naturally, the sizes and numbers of high-rise buildings in Polish cities cannot stand comparison to the skyscraping "forests", yet the ambitions of the authorities of Polish cities, specialists in urban matters, and developers alike frequently reach those heights and models. In Polish cities, the relationship between the dynamic development (which may be symbolised by the skyscraper) and natural and recreational values of the place (concentrated in the public park) increasingly often as sumes the form of a conflict. Standing on one side of the barricade are the developers and those who use the effects of their work, while on the other, there are the residents - neighbours of the places where the construction is to take place. Developers want to build, residents protest because they do not want to lose greens in their vicinity. Conflicts of this type as a rule last long and bring no result that could be considered a win-win situation for all the parties involved. Finding space for public parks is far more difficult in the extreme conditions of great metropolises than in Poland, yet there such dilemmas have been known far longer than here, which has allowed foreign municipal authorities, planners and resident groups to acquire greater experience in finding sites, and establishment and maintenance of parks, and more successes in conflict solving. Following their examples, one may learn how to achieve the balance between "hard" i.e. developed and "soft" i.e. natural structure of the city. The Polish case studies in turn allow observing characteristic barriers that make maintaining the balance in cityscapes harder. Their number includes:
1. lack of planning instruments to allow efficient balancing in the development of the "hard" and "soft" structures in the city, 2. lack of skill or at times goodwill to use the existing instruments, 3. lack of tradition of co-operation and also of trust between the three sectors of the economy: private, public and social. The Visual Perception of the River in the Cultural Landscape SUMMARY
Man, from the very beginning of his existence, was and still is dependent on water. Over the centuries this relationship underwent and still undergoes constant changes. At the early stage of being on Earth, Homo sapiens were completely dependent on the natural watercourses and other water tanks. Moreover, they relied on their extraordinary force. Nowadays, thanks to technical development,water can be easily delivered to the most inaccessible contact with its natural element we, as people, remain helpless. Still, we admire it. Water is not only the essential part of life but also an important and highly attractive component which shapes the closest surroundings of people. Depending on different times, water was given different titles. It was more or less exposed. As always, the skilfully winding ribbons of water flowing lazily through the lowland areas,as well as impetuous mountain creeks,have made a huge impact on our senses. Nonetheless in the past, with all the certainty, there was a different approach towards water in households and rural and urban areas, as well as in gardens or parks. Nowadays the value of such facilities has reached historical and monumental meaning. The fact that man feels soothed in the proximity water due to its visual and auditory sensation is of a great importance.
Market Squares of Small South-Eastern Polish Towns Yesterday and Today SUMMARY
The article presents the landscape transformations of chosen small towns of south-eastern Poland. The appearance of their main pointsmarket squares - yesterday and today has been shown. Old market places with traditional fairs have changed their functions within latter years and have been changing their appearance. The possibilities of bailout within the European Union programmes commenced the necessity for improving the image of towns in local societies. Town market squares are the places undergoing refurbishment. The accomplishments are not the best, containing similar elements of small architecture. Similar building materials, pavements, fountains, monuments and fashionable vegetation are dominant. Creating new paved spaces is also an excuse for removal of the already existing greenery, especially trees. Landscape identity of most of the presented market squares undergoes changes, which in turn impinges the landscape of the discussed small towns.
MATERIALS Stone in the Garden and Rockery Kamień w ogrodzie i alpinarium Marek W. Lorenc Małgorzata Janusz SUMMARY
Different kinds of rocks are used as building materials or decorative stones. Stones are commonly used in the construction of buildings, roads, and pathways, and in the making of rockeries in both public and private areas. In the case of rockeries, it is very important to create a replica of some natural environment. There is a natural relationship between a rock, its weathering and any related soils. Depending on the chemical composition of the rock, soils will have a more acid or basic character. The chemical character of soils, and climatic conditions, are reflected in the plant species that occur. Rockeries should reflect these relationships. Thus the kind of rocks used in their construction is extremely important. Moreover, it is not only chemistry but even the rock colors that should be considered. Rock color influences the colors of soils. The temperatures of soils depend on color too, particularly on sunny summer days. This it is not without significance if, for example, a plant which in its natural environment grows on white limestone is planted on black limestone. Roads, pathways, steps, the borders of pools, etc., are other important elements in many gardens and rockeries. All of these should also involve natural stone with a color corresponding to the character and color of their surroundings. Natural processes result in the decay of rocks in both the natural environment and in gardens and rockeries. In towns, decay is more pronounced because of the air pollution and the lack of proper ventilation. Decay processes (deterioration) caused by anthropogenic pollution facilitate the activity of micro organisms that can be very destructive for rocks. Hydrophobization, commonly applied to decorative stones in architecture, can be also applied in small garden-architecture in order to inhibit plant growth in those parts of rockeries which are intended should not be covered with plants - even where the rock would permit the easy migration of water.
STANDARDS Transformations and Endangerments of Agricultural Production Space - the BasicElement of Rural Areas Landscape Przemiany i zagrożenia rolniczej przestrzeni produkcyjnej - podstawowego elementu krajobrazowego obszarów wiejskich Piotr Krzyk SUMMARY
The main aim of the article is drawing attention to new assignments in spatial planning of rural areas in Poland, in connection with commonly observed intensive structural and landscape changes in his area. The described development and transformation problems of rural settlement units in Poland were detailed by examples from six communes of Podkarpacie, Opole and Wielkopolska voivodeship. The author drew attention to urbanization and multi-functional development of rural areas, implying structural and spatial changes of those areas. The changes appearing in the areas of rural settlement units bring a variety of social, economical and spatial problems. The most vital of spatial problems of rural areas in Poland is the scattering buildings which, if not stopped, can in future increase the barriers of civilizational development of villages. The factor which vitally changes spatial, landscape structure and environment of various investments (i.e. national roads, industrial objects, breeding farms and others). The instruments of spatial planning, which were described in brief, are important (despite their many imperfections) in shaping the environment and managing communes and present a balanced way of development of rural settlement units.
Perception of Landscape Habitation - the Image of Professed Values and Temperamental Features Percepcja krajobrazu zamieszkiwania - obraz wyznawanych wartości i cech osobowych Mikołaj Böhm SUMMARY
The present work was aimed at pointing out the psychological conditionings of spatial preferences of Cracow inhabitants. 111 students from the Department of Finance at the University of Economics in Cracow took part in the research carried out by myself in June 2008. The range of study issues comprised the diagnosis of temperamental features and professed values. The following implements were respectively used for testing the above issues:: Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R) by Hans J. Eysenck and Portrait Value Questionnaire by Shalom Schwartz (PVQ). The spatial preferences of those tested were diagnosed thanks to Graphic Property Evaluation Questionnaire, created on the basis of the conception by Stephen and Rachel Kaplan. Within the frames of the test, those tested evaluated the visualizations of particular buildings in different categories. The empiric part contains the verification of the model according to which the spatial preferences depend on temperamental features and professed values ;furthermore they are conditioned by demographic and biographic variables. Within the latter ones, it seems crucial that attention should be paid to the place of residence as well as to the conditions of living during childhood and period of adolescence. What remains is hope that the tests carried out within the range of environmental psychology will lead to better understanding of spatial needs of individuals and thus meeting these needs in a reasonable way.
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