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No 1/2009, vol. 22 Human Actions and Greenery Dzieła człowieka a zieleń SUMMARIES page 75 DOWNLOAD ALL (62,4 MB) |
PROBLEMS The High-Rise and the Public Park: Functional and Landscape Relations, Part I Wieżowiec i park publiczny - relacje funkcjonalne i krajobrazowe, część I Krystyna Pawłowska {mooblock=SUMMARY} Shocking though this juxtaposition may seem, an analysis between the relations between the high-rise at the public park brings interesting conclusions concerning the manner in which a city develops. The article presents a short theoretical introduction followed by a number of case studies from New York, Tokyo, Kraków, and Gdańsk, with the idea behind being to draw conclusions useful in the current development of Polish cities. Naturally, the sizes and numbers of high-rise buildings in Polish cities cannot stand comparison to the skyscraping "forests", yet the ambitions of the authorities of Polish cities, specialists in urban matters, and developers alike frequently reach those heights and models. In Polish cities, the relationship between the dynamic development (which may be symbolised by the skyscraper) and natural and recreational values of the place (concentrated in the public park) increasingly often as sumes the form of a conflict. Standing on one side of the barricade are the developers and those who use the effects of their work, while on the other, there are the residents - neighbours of the places where the construction is to take place. Developers want to build, residents protest because they do not want to lose greens in their vicinity. Conflicts of this type as a rule last long and bring no result that could be considered a win-win situation for all the parties involved. Finding space for public parks is far more difficult in the extreme conditions of great metropolises than in Poland, yet there such dilemmas have been known far longer than here, which has allowed foreign municipal authorities, planners and resident groups to acquire greater experience in finding sites, and establishment and maintenance of parks, and more successes in conflict solving. Following their examples, one may learn how to achieve the balance between "hard" i.e. developed and "soft" i.e. natural structure of the city. The Polish case studies in turn allow observing characteristic barriers that make maintaining the balance in cityscapes harder. Their number includes:1. lack of planning instruments to allow efficient balancing in the development of the "hard" and "soft" structures in the city, 2. lack of skill or at times goodwill to use the existing instruments, 3. lack of tradition of co-operation and also of trust between the three sectors of the economy: private, public and social. {/mooblock} Land Reform in Iran and its Effects on Rural Landscapes: Enormous Lessons for the Future Reforma rolna w Iranie i jej skutki w krajobrazie wiejskim - istotna lekcja na przyszłość Amin Rastandeh {mooblock=SUMMARY} The paper makes an effort to indicate how the land reform in Iran (1962-1971) contributed to the indepth changes in rural landscapes across the country in Pahlavi era (1925-1979). It will show that after the land reform, the factors creating rural landscapes were changed and this, in itself, led to pronounced effects on Iran's rural landscapes in many aspects. To clarify the effects and changes derived from the land reform operations, the researcher, having investigated in more than fifty villages in the variant climates and distinctive geographical areas, analyzed the differences and pursued their main roots to conclude that there is a divergence between Iran's rural landscapes before and after the land reform. The paper emphasizes the fact that there are common grounds on the rural landscape change issues which can be useful, adaptable, and applicable in many ways for the related authorities in Iran and other similar developing countries. In addition, the paper aims to provide policy guidance to governments and planners in the field of rural landscape changes in developing countries for the future.{/mooblock} PRESENTATIONS Sets and Objects in Space Noticed as Landscape Simulacrum Zespoły i obiekty w przestrzeni dostrzegane jako simulacrum krajobrazowe Janusz Skalski {mooblock=SUMMARY} Modern landscape consists of many spatial situations built from various objects which visually seem real to us. However, after penetrating analysis of what we see, we discover that they are artificial creations and their visual parts were matched and designed in such a way as to mislead our perception process. For research purposes run within the limits of landscape architecture, such situations can be properly classified and named. The name landscape simulacrum, which characterizes it the best, came into existence while researching such domains like art history and sociology. Landscape simulacrum described and shown in the article are only chosen examples which are noticed the most and can be already seen on all continents.{/mooblock} Towers and Viewing Points in Kłodzko Land Landscape Wieże i punkty widokowe w krajobrazie ziemi kłodzkiej Marek Staffa Agnieszka Latocha {mooblock=SUMMARY} Increasing belief that former forms of touristic management, with simultaneous interest of self-governments and social organizations, in development of various form of tourism based on searching for new "touristic products" which can be sold with a profit caused a surprisingly high interest in viewing towers so characteristic for the Sudeten. The apogee of their creation was on the brink of the 19th and 20th century. Only a few of them which were erected at that time were preserved until now in good technical shape and serve the initial purpose. Most of them were devastated or completely disappeared from the landscape. Others lost their viewing value because of the growth of trees surrounding them. Many self-governments from the Sudeten region are presently planning (most commonly basing on expected European Union resources) rebuilding or more often building viewing towers in their areas. The problem increases, especially if we take into consideration the fact that each tower is a far-reaching intrusion on the landscape, regularly already protected by law or deserving such protection. Even an open-worked, light tower becomes a landscape dominant mark, due to its location at altitude. To control the situation and direct such tendencies an attempt was made, in co-operation with self-governments, to define the scale of the problem and pointing out possible locations of towers and viewing points in the area of Kłodzko Land with use of the objects which already exist, both managed and those which were not exploited up to now.{/mooblock} TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS "Living Walls" - Unusual Solutions "Żywe ściany" - niezwykłe rozwiązania Daniel Skarżyński {mooblock=SUMMARY} Vegetation has been mans natural companion for centuries, being the manufacturer of oxygen, reducing noise, pollution filter and most of all taking a recreation and aesthetic function. Today, in an era of rapid development and pursuit of time it becomes an important issue in creating a relaxing environment. Transposition of the non-used elevation allows us to regain biologically active sites. Transforming walls into vertical gardens creates a positive impact by improving the microclimate and correcting significantly the biological aspects of human existence. Living walls can also get a number of interesting viewpoints and spatial connections with the environment, which is not always possible because of limitations of the space. By unusual form vertical gardens are becoming one of the many local showplaces, attracting crowds of tourists in many European countries, Asia and North America, where they are an example of combining art, ecology and architecture.{/mooblock} Transformation of Dormant Railway Line in a Promenade in Zielona Góra Przekształcenie nieczynnej linii kolejowejw promenadę w Zielonej Górze Marta Skiba {mooblock=SUMMARY } In recent years several proposals of how to utilize the abandoned railway line connecting Zielona Góra and Kożuchów have been put forward. First it was envisaged using it for a tramway line, and later as a bicycle path. This strip of land, meandering around the city centre, urgently needs quick and comprehensive action. The potentiality of the adaptation of the land along the old railway line seems to be a unique chance for redefining urban space in the core of the city, at the same time conveniently linking it with forest recreation grounds surrounding Zielona Góra. However, only comprehensive action of re-developing the old railway line can give us the chance of an attractive and valuable public area.{/mooblock} Greenery Around the Contemporary Orthodox Church, Project Conception in Bielsk Podlaski Zieleń w otoczeniu współczesnej cerkwi, koncepcja projektowa w Bielsku Podlaskim Agnieszka Kępkowicz Adam Gawryluk {mooblock=SUMMARY} Podlaska Land is situated on the verge of a junction sharing Polish, Belarusian and Ukrainian culture, which makes it a multi-cultural and multi-national region. The orthodox community is concentrated, almost 100%, in the south-eastern part of the Voivodeship in the area of five districts: Hajnowski, Bielski, Siemiatycki, Białostocki and Sokólski. In recent years many new Orthodox churches have been built and new ones are being built now. The surroundings of these churches is unrecognizable and seldom can be identified with a particular temple. Lacking most of all structural connection among a temple, its architectonic and religious function and closest nature and landscape. The aim of the work was to elaborate a conceptual project of management of the area around the orthodox church of Dormition of the Virgin Mary in the city of Bielsk Podlaski. In the elaborated concept of arrangement of the surrounding of the orthodox church, plants traditionally planted by Orthodox churches, symbolism of numbers, colours and geometrical figures were taken into consideration. The motive of a circle, which is a symbol of God and as a main composition element is repeated in various places in forms of an arch and semicircle, was used in the whole concept of the church surroundings.{/mooblock} FORUM Regulations of Spatial Order. Example of "Dolina Baryczy" Landscape Park Zasady ładu przestrzennego na przykładzie parku krajobrazowego "Dolina Baryczy" Beata Warczewska {mooblock=SUMMARY} Spatial order is a component of integrated order. Shaping it refers to the context of balanced development. Objectively appearing internal and external conditions decide about the rational direction of development of a specific area in striving to achieve integral order. The article pays attention to spatial diversity of development conditions, which force an individual approach in defining the direction of development of each area. Shaping spatial order is a vital assignment of local community which is represented by self-governments of towns and communes. Formulation of individual regulations which are to be a base of rational shaping of spatial order should take place in cases of every administrating unit, and every area which is a subject to protection because of its values like for instance landscape Park "Dolina Baryczy". Proposals for establishment of spatial order regulations for this exceptional place were proposed in the article.Evaluation and Transformations of Rural Landscape in the Areas Located near Water Reservoirs Ocena stanu krajobrazu wiejskiego w okolicach zbiorników wodnych i jego przekształcenia Agnieszka Jaszczak {mooblock=SUMMARY} The hydrological system raises the usable, ecological and visual values of landscape. Large water reservoirs - the lakes, play a significant part in it. They are very sensitive elements of the water system because of the small possibility of self - purification. The aim of the research is analysis of the hydrological system and evaluation of rural landscape in the areas located near water systems in the Municipality of Biskupiec (Warmia and Mazury voivodeship). Results of the research showed that the main reason for pollution is recreational use. Transformations of the areas located near water reservoirs are connected with changes from the agricultural to the recreational function. After the liquidation of government farms, arable lands located near water reservoirs (most lakes) have been renamed for non arable areas, divided and sold as recreational. There are numerous small plots near lakes - Dadaj, Wegoj, Stryjewskie, Jelmun, Raszag, Tejstymskie. This turnover of ground led to a reduction of usable values. Recreational plots (especially near Dadaj Lake) are fenced, In the coastal zones there are non-permitted elements like arbours, shelters, roofs. There are problems with uncultivated lands and succession.{/mooblock} Landscape Evaluation for the Requirements of Local Development Plans Waloryzacja krajobrazu na potrzeby miejscowych planów zagospodarowania przestrzennego Michał Kuriata {mooblock=SUMMARY} The problem of valorization of landscape for needs of local spatial management plans and its protection is not a novelty from the point of view of landscape architects, unfortunately it is not noticed by town planners who are responsible for their realization. Many methods of landscape valorization exists; most of them bases on map layouts which takes only two dimensions into consideration and do not provide for the third one - height - which is exactly what an average man notices when is inside the analyzed area. By doing that we disregard the space surrounding us and its sequences. There is a necessity to elaborate such a method of research which considers all three dimensions. The presented method of valorization of landscape allows, after analyzing all elements, to consider the third dimension in the moment of elaborating of spatial management of a certain area. It can be used in the process of planning landscape protection against its degradation and destruction.{/mooblock} |
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No 2/2009, vol. 23 Landscape - Our Common Good Krajobraz-nasze wspólne dobro SUMMARIES page 94 DOWNLOAD ALL (73,9 MB) |
| PROBLEMS Polish Landscape Architecture in the Year 2009 Polska architektura krajobrazu w roku 2009 Przemysław Wolski {mooblock=SUMMARY} In 2009, Polish landscape architecture comprises 17 faculties in institutions of higher learning: educating students for landscape architect Masters and Engineers degrees, in addition to 166 technical colleges and 46 vocational colleges educating landscape architect technicians. There is still unresolved status of the landscape architect profession. There is the European Landscape Convention which has been waiting for 5 years to be implemented. There is also the ever increasing spatial chaos and landscape destruction. 2009 is also the year of hope for: stronger connection of landscape architecture with all activities which could influence the landscape; legislating real means of protection for objects of landscape architecture; normalising conditions of performing the landscape architect's profession; defining the place of landscape architecture among other sciences and other fields of education. To implement such a defined programme, one needs a strong, joint and active professional environment, which cares about high standards in Polish landscape architecture.{/mooblock} Achievements of Landscape Studies by the Institute of Geography and Regional Development (IGIRR) Dorobek studiów krajobrazowych Instytutu Geografii i Rozwoju Regionalnego Adolf Szponar Jerzy Wyrzykowski {mooblock=SUMMARY} The research activities on the material components and landscape physiognomy conducted at the Institute of Geography and Regional Development of the University of Wrocław between years 1946 and 2008 are presented. During these years, many research topics related to the landscape have been investigated, i.e. studies on paleogeography of Sudety Foreland, studies on formation of Odra Valley, and changes of loess environment in the region of Lower Silesia. Recently, landscape component of highland and mountain geocomplexes has been intensively studied. Landscape physiognomy of Poland in the tourism aspects have become a research topic at the Institute of Geography and Regional Development in the 80-ties of the last century. The main goals were: landscape typologies related to the relief, vegetation cover and antropogenic changes of the terrain, the society's landscape perception and complex evaluation of the physiognomy of the distinguished types of landscape.{/mooblock} Landscape as an Economic Category Krajobraz jako kategoria ekonomiczna Andrzej Graczyk {mooblock=SUMMARY} The paper analyses the basic questions of landscape as an economic category: Destination (functions), property and the way of expressing value. The landscape as a productive factor, due to its special features, is a part of the production process of many other goods, and particularly in services, created in enterprises and households. The landscape as a service makes possible a direct satisfaction of consumers' needs. The landscape as such creates the conditions for economic activity and is suitable for actions bringing about prosperity enlargement. The property rights to a landscape are usually limited. The landscape most often represents features of common good for whose condition public authorities are responsible. It is not a typical product whose value can be estimated and verified by the market.{/mooblock} Polish Landscape Architects Association {/mooblock} The High-Rise and the Public Park: Functional and Landscape Relations, Part II Wieżowiec i park publiczny - relacje funkcjonalne i krajobrazowe, część II Krystyna Pawłowska {mooblock=SUMMARY} Shocking though this juxtaposition may seem, an analysis between the relations between the high-rise at the public park brings interesting conclusions concerning the manner in which a city develops. The article presents a short theoretical introduction followed by a number of case studies from New York, Tokyo, Kraków, and Gdańsk, with the idea behind being to draw conclusions useful in the current development of Polish cities. Naturally, the sizes and numbers of high-rise buildings in Polish cities cannot stand comparison to the skyscraping "forests", yet the ambitions of the authorities of Polish cities, specialists in urban matters, and developers alike frequently reach those heights and models. In Polish cities, the relationship between the dynamic development (which may be symbolised by the skyscraper) and natural and recreational values of the place (concentrated in the public park) increasingly often as sumes the form of a conflict. Standing on one side of the barricade are the developers and those who use the effects of their work, while on the other, there are the residents - neighbours of the places where the construction is to take place. Developers want to build, residents protest because they do not want to lose greens in their vicinity. Conflicts of this type as a rule last long and bring no result that could be considered a win-win situation for all the parties involved. Finding space for public parks is far more difficult in the extreme conditions of great metropolises than in Poland, yet there such dilemmas have been known far longer than here, which has allowed foreign municipal authorities, planners and resident groups to acquire greater experience in finding sites, and establishment and maintenance of parks, and more successes in conflict solving. Following their examples, one may learn how to achieve the balance between "hard" i.e. developed and "soft" i.e. natural structure of the city. The Polish case studies in turn allow observing characteristic barriers that make maintaining the balance in cityscapes harder. Their number includes:1. lack of planning instruments to allow efficient balancing in the development of the "hard" and "soft" structures in the city, 2. lack of skill or at times goodwill to use the existing instruments, 3. lack of tradition of co-operation and also of trust between the three sectors of the economy: private, public and social. {/mooblock} The Visual Perception of the River in the Cultural Landscape {/mooblock} Market Squares of Small South-Eastern Polish Towns Yesterday and Today MATERIALS Stone in the Garden and Rockery Kamień w ogrodzie i alpinarium Marek W. Lorenc Małgorzata Janusz {mooblock=SUMMARY} Different kinds of rocks are used as building materials or decorative stones. Stones are commonly used in the construction of buildings, roads, and pathways, and in the making of rockeries in both public and private areas. In the case of rockeries, it is very important to create a replica of some natural environment. There is a natural relationship between a rock, its weathering and any related soils. Depending on the chemical composition of the rock, soils will have a more acid or basic character. The chemical character of soils, and climatic conditions, are reflected in the plant species that occur. Rockeries should reflect these relationships. Thus the kind of rocks used in their construction is extremely important. Moreover, it is not only chemistry but even the rock colors that should be considered. Rock color influences the colors of soils. The temperatures of soils depend on color too, particularly on sunny summer days. This it is not without significance if, for example, a plant which in its natural environment grows on white limestone is planted on black limestone. Roads, pathways, steps, the borders of pools, etc., are other important elements in many gardens and rockeries. All of these should also involve natural stone with a color corresponding to the character and color of their surroundings. Natural processes result in the decay of rocks in both the natural environment and in gardens and rockeries. In towns, decay is more pronounced because of the air pollution and the lack of proper ventilation. Decay processes (deterioration) caused by anthropogenic pollution facilitate the activity of micro organisms that can be very destructive for rocks. Hydrophobization, commonly applied to decorative stones in architecture, can be also applied in small garden-architecture in order to inhibit plant growth in those parts of rockeries which are intended should not be covered with plants - even where the rock would permit the easy migration of water.STANDARDS Transformations and Endangerments of Agricultural Production Space - the BasicElement of Rural Areas Landscape Przemiany i zagrożenia rolniczej przestrzeni produkcyjnej - podstawowego elementu krajobrazowego obszarów wiejskich Piotr Krzyk {mooblock=SUMMARY} The main aim of the article is drawing attention to new assignments in spatial planning of rural areas in Poland, in connection with commonly observed intensive structural and landscape changes in his area. The described development and transformation problems of rural settlement units in Poland were detailed by examples from six communes of Podkarpacie, Opole and Wielkopolska voivodeship. The author drew attention to urbanization and multi-functional development of rural areas, implying structural and spatial changes of those areas. The changes appearing in the areas of rural settlement units bring a variety of social, economical and spatial problems. The most vital of spatial problems of rural areas in Poland is the scattering buildings which, if not stopped, can in future increase the barriers of civilizational development of villages. The factor which vitally changes spatial, landscape structure and environment of various investments (i.e. national roads, industrial objects, breeding farms and others). The instruments of spatial planning, which were described in brief, are important (despite their many imperfections) in shaping the environment and managing communes and present a balanced way of development of rural settlement units.Perception of Landscape Habitation - the Image of Professed Values and Temperamental Features Percepcja krajobrazu zamieszkiwania - obraz wyznawanych wartości i cech osobowych Mikołaj Böhm {mooblock=SUMMARY} The present work was aimed at pointing out the psychological conditionings of spatial preferences of Cracow inhabitants. 111 students from the Department of Finance at the University of Economics in Cracow took part in the research carried out by myself in June 2008. The range of study issues comprised the diagnosis of temperamental features and professed values. The following implements were respectively used for testing the above issues:: Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R) by Hans J. Eysenck and Portrait Value Questionnaire by Shalom Schwartz (PVQ). The spatial preferences of those tested were diagnosed thanks to Graphic Property Evaluation Questionnaire, created on the basis of the conception by Stephen and Rachel Kaplan. Within the frames of the test, those tested evaluated the visualizations of particular buildings in different categories. The empiric part contains the verification of the model according to which the spatial preferences depend on temperamental features and professed values ;furthermore they are conditioned by demographic and biographic variables. Within the latter ones, it seems crucial that attention should be paid to the place of residence as well as to the conditions of living during childhood and period of adolescence. What remains is hope that the tests carried out within the range of environmental psychology will lead to better understanding of spatial needs of individuals and thus meeting these needs in a reasonable way.{/mooblock} STATUTE of Polish Landscape Architects Association |
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No 4/2009, vol. 25 Relations between City and River Relacje między miastem a rzeką SUMMARIES page 79 DOWNLOAD ALL (95,0 MB) |
PROBLEMS A River in a City Centre Landscape - a Boundary and the Quality of a Public Area Rzeka w krajobrazie śródmieścia - linia graniczna i jakość przestrzeni publicznej Małgorzata Drożdż-Szczybura {mooblock=SUMMARY} Lasting relationships between settlements and water, especially a river, are characteristic of the majority of world cultures. Creation of the major ancient civilizations was closely connected with the existence of major rivers. When founding a city on a riverbank, the founders were above all guided by practical factors. Parallel to this the cult of the river developed. Along with the development of cities, composition and aesthetic roles of a river in a city became more important, especially in its central part, namely the city centre. River channels within cities underwent some changes. Along with the physical ones in the riverbed, a river was frequently "shifted" in a city plan to a down-town area. A river as a separation strip, area, or boundary, shapes both positive and negative components of a down-town landscape. A city centre river valley has the potential to create and model public areas, which form a positive image of a city in the users' minds. It may highlight its beauty or mitigate the imperfections of urbanized surroundings. The essential goal for those who contemporarily shape down-town river valleys is not to let a valley separate or negatively distinguish the areas situated on both its sides. Instead, it should create a friendly and human-oriented down-town public area.{/mooblock} The Shaping of Vistula River Surrounds in the Centre of Cracow - History and Modernity Kształtowanie najbliższego otoczenia Wisły w centrum Krakowa - historia i współczesność Agata Zachariasz {mooblock=SUMMARY} The presence of a river in the city centre undoubtedly enhances the attractiveness of the landscape. The number of natural points, viewing vistas and exposed places increases, which is also influenced by topography. That is the case in Cracow, where the Vistula river cuts through the city. Over the centuries the river has been changing its corridor, the most memorable in the city's landscape being the one with the Vistula taking a sharp turn round Wawel Hill, and dividing near Kazimierz into the Old and New Vistula. In the 19th century the modern landscape of the Vistula Valley started to take shape, especially with its strong focus on bridges. However, only the last quarter of that century brought the first attempts of complex flood prevention initiatives. From the very beginning, the issue of regulating the river and developing its near surrounds raised heated arguments, with aesthetic values at the heart of the matter. The issue of developing riverside areas, particularly in the 20th and at the start of the 21st century caused similar debates, was widely discussed and sometimes became the object of contests. A number of studies and landscape analyses were carried out. Among the numerous proposals and realizations are: the amphitheatre in the Vistula bend, hotels, Museum of Japanese Art and Technology "Manggha", Kotlarski bridge, Kazimierz Gallery, Tadeusz Kantor Museum as well as many pedestrian overpasses and promenades.{/mooblock} Mutual Relations of Towns and Rivers Wzajemne relacje małych miast i rzek Irena Niedźwiecka-Filipiak Zuzanna Borcz {mooblock=SUMMARY} Mutual relations of towns and rivers is closely connected to the research project elaborated by us entitled: "Transformations town-village and village-town as a shaping factor for cultural landscape". The project includes questions connected with places which are located on the lower stages of the settlement network which are often called downgraded towns. This group includes small towns and villages which descend from larger towns. They used to be selfsufficient units at one time but now are absorbed by nearby cities or connected, creating new cities by joining two or more units. In Lower Silesia region and in neighbourhood areas, the number of such places is quite high, many of them lost their city rights directly after the war in 1945, and while a large number of them retracted those rights, others play the part of commune villages and very few are administrative units (so called "sołectwo"). To present the questions of mutual relations between small towns and the river, the most likely representative places for the whole set were chosen, which at the same time illustrate the influence of the river on historical and modern architecture, and present advantages and threats originated from the neighbourhood of water,and also on shaping of a landscape where river, lake, pool or even a small watercourse or water basin are essential factors. The chosen places were divided into two basic groups- Low-lying, along the course of the Odra river. - In mountain areas, in Kłodzko Land and in the Czech Republic. Surface water can in various ways influence the attractiveness of the place where they exist. Near big rivers there is a possibility of organizing river harbours for touristic movements which connect separate places along the river. Appropriate management of river banks which run through separate places can increase the area of terrains intended for leisure and recreation (embankments along the river). {/mooblock} PRESENTATIONS Water in the Landscape of a Big City on the Basis of Copenhagen Woda w krajobrazie dużego miasta na przykładzie Kopenhagi Eleonora Gonda-Soroczyńska {mooblock=SUMMARY} Many big cities are located on water (seas, rivers). We can enumerate some of them such as: Warsaw and Cracow on the Vistula, Prague on the Vltava, Paris on the Seine, Rome on the Tiber, London on the Thames, Berlin on the Spree. An interesting example is Copenhagen - the capital of Denmark, the oldest kingdom in the world (1,700,000 inhabitants, area 43,000 km2 ). It is located on one of the 406 Danish islands i.e. Zealand, on the Sound (Oresund) sea strait, with numerous waterways running into the city. The amount of water present in the direct city surroundings considerably influences the metropolis landscape. Seaside and riverside towns usually owe their size, development and strong connections with other countries to the water areas. The presence of water in their landscape influenced their unique character, individual form and exceptional face. Copenhagen developed very quickly, especially thanks to its localization near waters, strengthening its position and becoming one of the most important centres of communication and trade in Europe. Its landscape, in particular the old town and the town centre resembles Amsterdam (it is popularly called "Little Amsterdam"). The issues of water in towns and waters on which the city is located is the subject of many theoretical discussions connected with creating the harmonious landscape of urbanized river valleys.{/mooblock} The Effect of Spatial Planning Studies on the Functioning of Fortification Facilities in the Urban Landscape Wpływ opracowań z dziedziny planowania przestrzennego na funkcjonowanie obiektów fortecznych w krajobrazie miasta Agnieszka Wilkaniec Maria Chojnacka {mooblock=SUMMARY} Forts of the outer fortification ring in the city of Poznań, according to a design of Władysław Czarnecki,were to constitute the basis for the construction of a green belt surrounding the city. Planning decisions made after WWII resulted in spaces between forts becoming covered by increasingly dense building development, which eventually made it impossible to create a continuous green belt. Still, as late as the 1990's designs were created,aimed at linking 18 fortification objects so that they could constitute a comprehensive system, following the concept of their historic functioning. However, these plans were never realized. Studies on spatial planning developed at present may determine how visible the preserved systems connected with the Poznań Fortress are going to be and how they will function in the urban landscape.{/mooblock} The Role of the River Odra's Tributaries in the Shaping of Modern Fortifications in Wroclaw at the Turn of the Nineteenth/Twentieth Century Rola dopływów rzeki Odry w kształtowaniu wrocławskich fortyfikacjach nowożytnych na przełomie XIX/XX w. Łukasz Pardela Radosław Stodolak {mooblock=SUMMARY} Among numerously preserved cultural heritage of the Odra Valley, which is strongly connected with the river itself, greatest attention should be paid to the relics of modern-area fortifications of Wrocław. They originate from the 19th and 20th centuries, the period of great regulation works and the building of Wrocław Water Junction. This was also a period of touristic and leisure splendor of the Odra River. The course of fortifications of a light annular fortress which was built around the city was decided by its tributaries the Bystrzyca, Oława, Ślęza, Widawa and Czarny Potok. Most of the fortifications with an efficient influence on military functioning of the fortresses in this period had military water dams on the Widawa and Ślęza. They were used to flood the area in the foreground of the fortress at the moment the city was threatened. The external defense ring of the city comprised of small stable fortifications. Water obstacles together with the system of planned masking greenery creating something in the form of a "buckle" and sealing the spaces between fortress buildings. The article comments on the importance of 'military water dams' in the concept of protection of Wrocław Fortress, historical outline of their creation, taking into consideration the present anti-flood system. The connection between them and shaping city suburbs has also been indicated.{/mooblock} MATERIALS Railway Crossings in the Landscape of the Bystrzyca Valley Przeprawy kolejowe w krajobrazie doliny Bystrzycy Janusz Gubański Elżbieta Podgórska {mooblock=SUMMARY} Bridge crossings as well as other structures that overcome territorial or transportation barriers represent an indispensable element of the surrounding landscape. Appearing within the span of decades, bridge structures and permanent viaducts have infiltrated the landscape of urbanized areas. With regard to open terrain, especially in areas with high value defined by preserved nature and the visual quality of landscape, these structures become significant points of distinction, often altering the landscape's spatial quality. Characteristic buildings, whose architectonic forms possess independent value, assume a new expression and grace, when they blend with a picturesque landscape. While standing as monuments to the power of technology, and the skill of designers and builders, they simultaneously become symbols of coexistence of advanced technology and the natural environment. The cultural and landscape value of railway crossings (bridges and viaducts) of the now closed Bystrzyca Valley Railway are discussed in the article. The concept of preservation and exposition of the assets of the railway route with particular allowance for engineering structures, is also presented.{/mooblock} The Fence - Past and Present Płot - dawniej i dziś Hanna Marszałek {mooblock=SUMMARY} Inhabitants of the countryside can nowadays be divided into two very distinct groups: long standing farm owners and former citizens of big cities who have relocated in recent years. This migration caused by several factors, mostly financial, is linked with the rapid increase in city flat prices. Besides that, moving to the country has become a fashion, and living away from the city has been considered good style. These newcomers are comprised of people from all social and financial backgrounds. The coexistence of such diversified social groups has resulted in the new shape of a Polish village, especially in the vicinity of big agglomerations and tourist attraction spots. Along with the changes in appearance of the buildings, we can observe modifications in other elements of architecture. A rural path or street no longer resembles what we hold in our memories and imagination. Rustic wooden fences, overgrown with blossoming plants are a rarity now. What we mostly come across are fences with a capital 'F'. There is an observable new tendency to isolate individual households. Newly-mounted fences are becoming higher and higher and still more bulky. Another visible trend is implementing solutions epitomizing their proprietors' dreams of power, importance and good taste. In effect what we witness is great chaos and ugliness, which is very hard to control{/mooblock} STANDARDS The Landscape and Environmental Values of Eastern Park in Wrocław Walory krajobrazowe i przyrodnicze Parku Wschodniego we Wrocławiu Elżbieta Szopińska Anna Popów-Nowicka {mooblock=SUMMARY} Eastern Park is situated in the southeastern part of Wrocław, in Księże Małe district. Its history is relatively short in comparison with other green areas of this type in Wrocław. It was arranged at the beginning of the 20th century, in answer to the needs of citizens of an intensively expanding city. The exact date of origin of the conception by Paul Dannenberg is unknown, but it is known that earthwork was carried out from 1927 until 1929. Its specific location on an island surrounded by water of the Lower and Upper Oława rivers had an influence on species growing in the park (species of wetland area). Most of the trees are native species. The Forest stand is dominated by alder (Alnus glutinosa), besides these there is a significant number of oak (Quercus robur), maple (Acer campestre) and ash trees (Fraxinus exelsior). There are also a few interesting foreign species like: wingnut (Pterocarya fraxinifolia), oak (Quercus palustris), birch (Betula papyrifera) and cork tree (Phelodendron amurense). The park has remained in almost unchanged shape until the present day. Natural arrangement of plants and a great number of streams makes Eastern Park a place with great untapped recreational potential.{/mooblock} Urban Greenway - Landscape Form of the Salgir River Riverfront (Crimea, Ukraine) Zielona arteria miasta - krajobrazowa postać doliny rzeki Sałgir (Krym, Ukraina) Tatiana Tokarczuk {mooblock=SUMMARY} The quality of life in modern cities depends on many factors. The river as an objective border concentrates differeznt natural and cultural elements and plays a significant part in the urban structure. The way of accomplishment of riversides have an influence on the urban composition and its functional zones. An interesting example, which was designed according to the spirit of that time, is the riverfront of the Salgir river in Simferopol (Crimea, Ukraine). During the late 1970s the riverside was comprehensively arranged in the urban section and a functional and aesthetic recreation area was built - parks, public gardens, boulevards etc. The greenway became the most favourite meeting place of the towndwellers. It was realized according to the 10th five-year plan of socialist development, the river with regular banks together with natural elements had almost become a symbol of the epoch, that proclaimed the supremacy of man over the environment. Now the greenway demands complex renovation and, first of all, adaptation to the contemporary needs of citizens as well as regulation of particular chaotic investments on the riverbanks.{/mooblock} |
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No 3/2009, vol. 24 Shaping and Protection of River Valleys Landscape Kształtowanie i ochrona krajobrazu dolin rzecznych SUMMARIES page 78 DOWNLOAD ALL (5,17 MB) |
PROBLEMS Treasure of the Past, Contemporary Issues, Riddle for the Future - the Landscape of Lublin River Valleys Skarb przeszłości, problem teraźniejszości, zagadka na przyszłość - czyli o dolinach rzecznych Lublina Ewa Trzaskowiska Katarzyna Sobczak Paweł Adamiec {mooblock=SUMMARY} Water is one of the main elements that defines humanity and allows civilization to occur. Water has a substantial influence on the quality of human life, from its basic function as a source of food to its utilitarian uses in security, transportation and economy. The spatial arrangement of Lublin was also conditioned to a large extent by three rivers: The Bystrzyca, the Czechówka and the Czerniejówka. The frequent development of their valleys with service facilities, with a simultaneous loss of potential recreation areas and landscape values, is a worrying process. In the article the conclusions concern the future development of the river areas of Lublin in the context of a recreational system within the urban landscape and the problem of showing their refreshment potential.{/mooblock} Landscape Study of a UNESCO Site in a River Valley - the Setting of a Church in Sękowa Studium krajobrazowe miejsca UNESCO w dolinie rzeki na przykładzie otoczenia kościoła w Sękowej Urszula Forczek-Brataniec Zbigniew Myczkowski {mooblock=SUMMARY} The article applies to the creation and protection of the mountain valley of the river Sekówka and to one of the aspects of managing a site which represents an outstanding universal value in scope of formation of the landscape context of a World Heritage site - the church in Sękowa and its setting. The authors would like to show the relationships between the site and its setting in the river valley, as well as the mutual impact on the values represented. In July 2003, following the resolution by the General Assembly of UNESCO in Paris, six Polish wooden Gothic churches from Lesser Poland and the Carpathian Highlands were included in the World Cultural and Natural Heritage List of UNESCO. Among others there was the church in Sękowa. It represents one of the most valuable and picturesque monumental examples of sacral wooden buildings in Poland. Even in the 19th century its outstanding aesthetic, architectonic and landscape values were admired. The main idea of this presentation is connected with the expression of connections between these unique values and the architecture of the church and its landscape context with its surroundings. The issue deals with the most fundamental tasks: protection of the object as well as tourist movement service at the place of a unique value,and the activity connected with religious practice of the local parish.{/mooblock} Specificity and Directions of Landscape Protection in the Middle Vistula River Valley, Puławy - Maciejowice Section Specyfika i kierunki ochrony krajobrazu Doliny Środkowej Wisły na odcinku Puławy - Maciejowice Barbara Żarska {mooblock=SUMMARY} The aim has been to define individual features of landscape in the Middle Vistula River Valley, in the section between Puławy and Maciejowice, and to indicate directions of space planning from the aspect of unique natural and cultural values protection. The layout of landscape ecological structure has been recognized and analyzed using Forman and Gordon's method of patches and corridors, and more important cultural and visual elements have been identified with special consideration to individual traits distinguishing river valley landscape from other areas. Among others, such unique attributes are: striped pattern of landscape ecological structure and individual characteristic elements in settlement units which were important cultural and trade centers in the past and then lost their meaning, among others because of river course changes. Directions of landscape planning and protection have been defined from the aspect of conservation and better exposition of the unique attributes of landscape features as well as creation of additional values on this basis.{/mooblock} PRESENTATIONS Problems of Spatial Management of the Bogdanka River Valley and in the Western Green Wedge in Poznań Problematyka zagospodarowania przestrzennego doliny Bogdanki w zachodnim klinie zieleni w Poznaniu Maria Chojnacka Agnieszka Wilkaniec {mooblock=SUMMARY} The system of green areas in the city of Poznań is based on the existence of river valleys, as well as rings of former fortification areas. Watercourse valleys create a crossshaped pattern in the urban structure, running in north-south and east-west directions. Areas connected with these watercourse valleys, due to the high level of ground waters and diverse surface features, were never used for building development. This system was observed on the 1930's and used when designing a system of green areas for the city. The concept of maintaining four green wedges has survived and in essence it is being realized. These areas as attractive recreation areas are desirable environs for many functions in the urban landscape, e.g. for sports facilities or building development. The pressure connected with finding new, attractive areas for housing is particularly strong. These activities frequently aim at the limitation of green areas within the wedges or increasing the intensity of building development in their immediate vicinity. Recently problems connected with spatial management of the western wedge, based on the Bogdanka valley, have become especially pressing.{/mooblock} Opportunities for Landscape Protection in the Odra Valley on the Territory of the Designed Lubiąsko-Głogowski Landscape Park Możliwości ochrony krajobrazu w dolinie Odry na obszarze projektowanego Lubiąsko - Głogowskiego Parku Krajobrazowego Piotr Krajewski {mooblock=SUMMARY} The landscape of the Odra valley, as we can see now, has been shaped for ages under the influence of some factors for example human activities. This area is being exposed to strong anthropopression and intensely transformed as a result of progressive management. River control, changes in water conditions and excessive exploitation by agriculture and industry have brought natural landscapes in the Odra valley to degradation. The area between Brzeg Dolny and Głogów, the territory of the projected Lubiąsko-Głogowski Landscape Park, is one of the most attractive with regard to its nature and landscape values. Complexes of valuable riparian forests (Salici-Populetum, Ficario-Ulmetum and Galio-Carpinetum)of international importance can be found here. In spite of rich documentation and numerous attempts to create a landscape park on this territory, only a part of it is protected now as Nature 2000 area under the name "Łęgi Odrzańskie". The main task of this article is to show necessity for protection of this area and possibilities for its further evolution on the basis of analyzing the landscape's sensitivity and capacity.{/mooblock} Boulevards on the Vistula River Bank - Students' Projects Bulwary nadwiślańskie w Warszawie - rozwiązania studentów Kinga Rybak Kinga Zinowiec-Cieplik {mooblock=SUMMARY} A contest on boulevards on the Vistula riverbank and a discussion on the topic of their management required the students to prepare some projects on the course of "The City Scenery Planning". The projects presented in this article show that lack of professional experience could become a merit leading to original and interesting solutions. The presented works were prepared in groups of 4-5 people, each of them dealing with a different part of the boulevard, and all of them suggested a nonconventional way of approach. The students' projects created in this way became a new voice in discussion about the relation of the city and the river landscape in Warsaw. Each of the students' works attempts to define the context of space, landscape and scenic conditions, conservation of cultural heritage and, simultaneously, the problem of environmental preservation. The results of the students' workshops could lead to defining the identity of Warsaw's boulevards on the Vistula riverbank{/mooblock} STANDARDS The Ecological and Scenic Significance of River Valleys in the Recreational Function of Poznań Ekologiczne i krajobrazowe znaczenie dolin rzecznych w organizacji rekreacyjnej funkcji miasta Poznania Magdalena Szczepańska {mooblock=SUMMARY} The city of Poznań is distinguished by the wedge and ringshaped system of the green belt which corresponds with the physiographical conditions. The four natural green belts which have survived to the present day were formed in the valleys of the rivers flowing through the city: the Warta (the northern and southern green belt), the Bogdanka (western) and the Cybina (eastern). The valleys meeting in the city centre bring together the flora of the surrounding meadow floodlands, wetlands, municipal forests, city parks and allotments. The advantage of the system based on the river valleys and enriched with natural and artificial lakes is an unbroken continuity and density of the greenery area. This creates favorable conditions for the ecological corridors and influences the boost of the fauna and flora within the city boundaries. Moreover, such a system determines the local microclimate as well as the air circulation in the urban area, improving sanitary and health conditions. As a result, the rich natural and scenic values of the green belts provide excellent conditions for the development of tourism. At the same time, if appropriately developed, the belt areas can become an attractive place for active and passive recreation.{/mooblock} Landscape Change and Biodiversity Values in the Surroundings of Kazimierz Dolny over the Period 1953-2003 Zmiany krajobrazu w Dolinie Wisły Środkowej okolic Kazimierza Dolnego w latach 1953 -2003 Marta Woźniak Rob Leuven Rob Lenders {mooblock=SUMMARY} The article presents changes in the landscape which occurred in the structure of utilization of the grounds in the years 1953 - 2003, concerning a segment of the Vistula river in the proximity of Kazimierz Dolny. The river is distinguished by its outstanding natural and landscape values. Its present values of biodiversity are high in comparison with other rivers in western Europe. The changes in the landscape were investigated on the basis of an analysis of the ecotopes from two time intervals (1953, 2003) which were performed with the use of photointerpretational techniques and GIS software. The created maps mainly presented the differences in the course of the riverbed, but also showed the changes in the units connected with natural plant succession, which could have resulted from the growing intensity of crop cultivation and the influence of regulatory works in the Vistula valley.{/mooblock} FORUM The Role of Wisłok Valley in Rzeszów in the Opinion of the Town's Citizens Rola doliny Wisłoka w Rzeszowie w opinii mieszkańców miasta Agata Ćwik {mooblock=SUMMARY} River valleys in large cities are not only precious environmental elements in their area, but they can also be an aim of a higher pressure on acquiring new areas for the settlement. In turn, the intensive settlement nearby a river can worsen the visual attractiveness of the river's vicinity and lead to such disadvantageous environmental effects as intersection of plants' and animals' migration channels, worsening of town's aeration and occasionally even an increased flood wave in a river bed narrowed by man. On the other hand,the main role of rivers and their banks in towns is often a recreational one. That is why it seems that not only local authorities and planners, but also the rest of the citizens, should influence the spatial management of river valleys. This assumption was a base for an introductory research on Rzeszów citizens' opinion on the Wisłok valley, which was conducted in March this year. 132 people living, working or studying in Rzeszów were surveyed. Over 40% knew the Wisłok valley well, because they go to the river bank several times a month. More than 80% of the questioned people especially liked the parks, alleys and natural green areas. In turn, they had a negative opinion on the increase in built-in areas at riverbanks. The results show that in Rzeszów citizens' opinion recreational, sporting and environmental functions of the Wisłok neighborhood are most acceptable. All this leads to a question if the Rzeszów society should take a greater part in the spatial planning process regarding the immediate vicinity of the Wisłok. It seems that the river flowing through the city needs some promotion so that its real value could be perceived.{/mooblock} Active Recreation of Elderly People Rekreacja czynna osób wieku dojrzałego Małgorzata Chybalska {mooblock=SUMMARY} Contemporary society is quickly ageing, due to positive reasons (the development of medicine), as well as to negative ones (the decrease of birthrate). An important issue, from the point of view of public health, is maintaining activity and physical efficiency of elderly people. The sense of balance and motor skills are important factors in preventing falls, which are frequent causes of injuries leading to premature death. The stereotype of passive rest of seniors (walks, social meetings in their own circles) is commonplace. The phenomenon of active relaxation of elderly persons has appeared only recently. Some types of physical activity, known as all age sports, may be safely performed in public green areas, e.g. bowls, cricket or mini golf. "Playgrounds" or even parks designed especially for elderly people, enabling fitness improving exercises, have appeared on the international market. Presently many facilities, aimed at keeping fit or even rehabilitation (e.g. the system of LifeTrail routes) exist in Japan, Great Britain, Germany and Spain. They show an entirely new image of the elderly, who should have full rights to use public spaces.{/mooblock} |
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