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No 1/2007, vol. 14 A Tree - Live Element of Space Drzewo - żywy elelment przestrzeni SUMMARIES page 60 DOWNLOAD ALL (55,1 MB) |
PROBLEMS The Trees in the Landscape of Poland Drzewa w krajobrazie Polski Janusz Janecki {mooblock=SUMMARY} "... a solitary field pear tree stares in amazement at the breath of our earth." There are serious difficulties in introducing successful actions, influencing physionimical expression of the landscape, especially in the so -called production zone, however traditionally tolerated remains of woods, like for instance a pear tree in the field, visually dominate the geometrical chess board of fields. Such occurrence is worth applying in order to create the open landscape, performing formerly necessary research, for example using the straight lines method.{/mooblock} Oak as a Cult Tree Dąb drzewo kultowe Zuzanna Borcz {mooblock=SUMMARY} The oak has played a vital part in legends and beliefs from ancient times. As a symbol of strength and long life it was identified with gods which were worshiped. Several examples supporting the idea of the cult and history of well known oaks, based on chronicles and spoken tales,were included in the article. Attention has been paid to the role of oak trees connected with beliefs and modern religion, as well as the part the oak has played as a valuable element of the landscape.{/mooblock} Tradition and Revival of the Palm (Part 1) Tradycja i renesans palmy (cz. 1) Monika Czechowicz {mooblock=SUMMARY} Palm trees experience their revival. They are becoming commonly used in interior arrangements, recreational management of space in town, the example of which may be the city beaches by the Spree in Berlin. Palm trees are also symbolic of martyrdom, victory and eternal life. The present article presents in its first part a short review of chosen kinds and types of palms with brief morphological characteristics. The possibilities of making use of these comely trees in landscape architecture have been included in the review. The symbol of the palm has also been applied in design and architectural constructions through palmettoes, ornaments or palm tree vaulting. The following text is an attempt to draw attention to the prevailing "palm fashion".{/mooblock} PRESENTATIONS Panoramas of Town-Planning Sets in Wałbrzych Agglomeration. Role of Greenery Panoramy zespołów urbanistycznych aglomeracji wałbrzyskiej. Rola zieleni Bogna Ludwig {mooblock=SUMMARY} This work is dedicated to chosen panoramas of town-planning sets in Wałbrzych agglomeration. From the old town, through industrial town and Stary Zdrój, the estates of citypark type on the hills of Gedymin, to chaotically developed new sets It allows us to appreciate the values of Wałbrzych landscape and learn from existing problems and threats on their example. Wałbrzych districts lie in two valleys and are surrounded by mountain ranges which are separated by lower hills. Such a topographical setting allows the creation of panoramas of town-planning sets both from the mountains which surround the valleys and from the hills. The most valuable of the panoramas of Wałbrzych agglomeration is the panorama of the old town. The oldest one dates from 1734 and shows the city from the east. As it is extremely valuable,it requires protection, appropriate exposition and clearing of the tall trees and bushes. The panorama from the hills over Julia shaft which opens in a south-east direction, is a middle distance frame and includes two sets - the old town and a coke plant and building estate close to Bolesław Chrobry shaft. The hill called Parkowa Góra divides Pełcznica valley where the old town is situated, to the valley where Stary Zdrój is. A trekking path along Lotnicza Street is the place for most attractive observation of Stary Zdrój and its district - a housing estate on the slope of Gedymina hill. From the slope, north-east slant of Chełmica, we can see Opoka district,north of which there are two estates of post-war blocks - Podzamcze and Piaskowa Góra. The panorama shows damage which has occurred to Walbrzych agglomeration landscape. Introducing blocks with flat roofs and a groupof skyscrapers for hitherto existing set completely scattered the composition.{/mooblock} Dissonant Heritage - Former German Cemeteries in the Lower Silesia Cultural Landscape Trudne dziedzictwo - cmentarze poniemieckie w krajobrazie kulturowym Dolnego Śląska Dagmara Chylińska {mooblock=SUMMARY} Former German cemeteries (civil and military) are one of the components of the Lower Silesia cultural landscape. As a result of territorial changes of Poland after the Second World War, not only a certain geographical area has been attached to Poland, but also many products of the German material culture, including cemeteries. They belong to the so-called 'dissonant heritage'. Despite the fact that many decades have passed since the end of the WW II, various matters connected with them, like uncertain future, their place and functions in contemporary cultural landscape, protection of the premises and ways of conduction, require quick solutions. Spontaneous destruction of German cemeteries in post-war times was directly connected with the WW II trauma which has decided on the negative and hostile perception of any product of German material culture. German cemetery liquidation and so-called 'censorship of graves' were manifestations of a political process called 'Repolonization' of Lower Silesia. The uncertain political situation of Lower Silesia after the end of the WW II, devaluation of death and lack of lasting connections between the space and new local communities were conducive to destructive activities. Confrontation with different cultural traditions and patterns preserved in the landscape brought about a sense of strangeness, lack of concern with the leftover German heritage and the need of "getting used to" this cultural landscape. Nowadays the biggest problems facing German cemeteries in Lower Silesia are vandalism and lack of social and administrative supervision. Destructive activities, which have taken place in German cemeteries, are diverse with regards to the extent of intensity and kinds of results - there is total liquidation, partial liquidation, devastation, partial adaptation and total adaptation. Concern for preservation of the Lower Silesian German civil cemeteries is dictated by a need to protect their values, especially landscape ones, thus it shouldn't arouse any resentment. Cemeteries of foreign nations testify to the former multicultural nature of the region, which had been influencing its physiognomy for centuries and decided on a great diversity and abundance of its material and spiritual heritage. The contemporary functions of former cemeteries, which lost their original burial use, should be in creating new public and individual spaces of penetration intended for recreational and tourist activities. Thus, the protection of German cemeteries in the Lower Silesia cultural landscape may consist of incorporating them into a 'living' cultural environment (through fulfilling a useful social function, not necessarily utilitarian), avoiding their spatial and functional exclusion, featuring mainly their universal aesthetic, symbolic and landscape values.{/mooblock} MATERIALS The Botanical Park in Ciechanów (Design and Current Condition) Park Botaniczny w Ciechanowie (projekt i stan współczesny) Jarosław Witold Janecki Janusz Janecki {mooblock=SUMMARY} In 1998 we developed design documentation of the Coniferous Botanical Park in Ciechanów, a town 100 km north-east of Warsaw. The projects were realized in the same year the concept was realized and within its framework 1000 trees and bushes representing 140 taxons were planted. After 8 years since the arrangements were completed,the Park presents very well, it also serves its educational purpose successfully,and at the same time it has become an integral aesthetic element of the city.STANDARDS The Problems of Identification of Landscape Quality Objectives: the Review of International Experience and the First Polish Researches Problemy identyfikacji standardów jakości krajobrazu: przegląd doświadczeń międzynarodowych i pierwsze badania polskie Barbara Sowińska Tadeusz J. Chmielewski {mooblock=SUMMARY} The European Landscape Convention (EKK), signed by The Council of Europe on October 20, 2000 obliges the members of The European Union to identify their own landscapes throughout their territories, to analyse their characteristic features which are considered the most important to be preserved and to examine the societys views on the landscape quality objectives. Many countries, including Poland, have already begun their research in this field. The international meeting of the workshops for the implememtation of the European Landscape Convention is held every year. This article presents the review of the contemporary methods of landscape quality measures in the European Union. The first research in this field conducted in Poland took place in The Roztocze Solska Forest Biosphere Reserve. The collected experiences made the authors to formulate the basic methodology of the identification of landscape quality objectives.FORUM The Review of the Book, A. Böhm: Planowanie przestrzenne dla architektów krajobrazu Recenzja książki, A. Böhm: Planowanie przestrzenne dla architektów krajobrazu Wojciech Kosiński {mooblock=SUMMARY} Readers who are interested in relationships between physical/spatial planning and landscape architecture, received the outstanding edition dealing with it. The author is prof. Aleksander Böhm, the founder and leader of Landscape Architecture Division, in the Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology. The book is formally designated to be a manual for students in technical universities. But the top intellectual level, exceptional attractiveness of narration, and broad horizon of authors mission – create the publication to be enthusiastically accepted by all the persons, taking seriously into consideration, problems of a living space. The book, structured in eleven chapters – the introductory and then ten problematic – deals both with international and Polish problems. On the other hand, it is constructed chronologically; but surely with many exciting digressions, throwing more light into the main problem described in certain chapter. There are progressions and degradations described, that concern planning and landscape architecture, through continents, countries – and, centuries or decades. The author shows his immense knowledge and passion towards spatial phenomena, in global and local dimensions. The author’s work is both, theoretical dissertations, as well this same time – an empirical panorama of phenomena. All the examples described, he shows parallel on numerous samples, on illustrations: photographs, plans, projects and sketches. The very mission of author is harmonious landscape, as a result of serious approach in order to create it. He shows how it had been done long time ago, as well as it is possible today. He describes brilliant critical history of planning and landscape creation, pointing short-time mistakes, and the long-time or over-time values. Those last ones, he wishes to be implemented today, possibly in Poland too; in spite of difficulties concerning immature law, disputable planners’ workshop, low social consciousness, and against relativity and moral chaos in postmodern culture.{/mooblock} |
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No 2/2007, vol. 15 Mountain Landscape Krajobraz górski SUMMARIES page 63 DOWNLOAD ALL (MB) |
PROBLEMS Dynamics of a Mountain Landscape Dynamika krajobrazu górskiego Marek Staffa {mooblock=SUMMARY} A mountain landscape is characterized by a highest dynamics resulting from a diversified shaping, natural values, changeable conditions and individual characterological features of the observer. The phenomenon of space-time continuum and the velocity of the changes occurring while moving about in the area are of a great significance for the dynamics of the mountain landscape. These transformations of the mountain landscape find their reflection,and influence numerous forms of life and culture. For a long time it has been observed in art, especially in painting and literature, which shaped the conventional canons of beauty and the manners of environment perception. In the mountains they created fashion for particular threads or forms of folklore. The dynamics of the mountain landscape is influenced by existence of very strong aspects of the 'third dimension' i.e. drops expressing themselves in daring forms of shape. The dynamics is stressed by contemporary phenomena connected with more and more rapid transformations resulting from economic and social processes. Unfortunately, these changes are of decidedly destructive character and, by introducing for example contemporary, very aggressive dominants, often bring about irremediable loss in the natural elements and spectacular values of mountain landscapes.{/mooblock} The Landscape of a Desolate Border Village in the Złote Mountains Krajobraz wyludnionej wsi przygranicznej w Górach Złotych Jerzy Oleszek {mooblock=SUMMARY} The topic of our consideration is the landscape of some border villages located in the Złote Mountains, in the eastern part of the region of Kłodzko. The chosen objects are desolate border villages, whose current state is not brought about by consequences of decrease in population, but the effect of displacement, resulting from political decisions made in the year 1945. Later attempts aiming at colonization were actions of short-lived duration, having no substantial importance. The research proved that a loss of balance, and sometimes decline in historically shaped balance occurred there, resulting from the weak, constructive activity of man. Its present effect is both a monothematic landscape, being the effect of natural processes domination (village Karpno), and also - still! - clear forms of arrangement of elements of cultural environment, combined with preservation of the specific form of the place canon - village Wrzosówka. The final problem, remaining for the reader to consider, is the following question: will the preservation of Wrzosówka,as a localization of recreational houses and sports infrastructure, allow to preserve, or maybe even enrich, the existing values of the cultural landscape?{/mooblock} Cultural Landscape of Beskid Żywiecki Mountains. Outline of Geographic Problems Krajobraz kulturowy Beskidu Żywieckiego. Zarys problematyki geograficznej Urszula Myga-Piątek {mooblock=SUMMARY} The article discusses the process of shaping the cultural landscape in the area of the Beskid Żywiecki Mountains. The landscape of the discussed area developed in an evolutionary way and is an evidence of co-existence and interaction of nature and man. The ways of adaptation of man to the natural conditions in the Beskid Żywiecki, i.e. to the geological basis, relief, climate, surface waters, soil, natural plant covering, have already been discussed. The forms of this adaptation, and subsequently the succeeding phases of anthropogenic interference result in the shaping of some specific forms of the area development. A brief outline of the history of colonization and the stagesof utilization of the Beskid Żywiecki space are presented on the ground of the physiographic outline. The text also indicates a reverse process, i.e. the influence of man on the environment and the mountain landscape. Thus the article presents the changes in the natural components of the natural space and its effects they exert on the landscape. In the conclusion the author attempts to refer to the future state of space organization and the necessity of integrated protection.{/mooblock} PRESENTATIONS Tourist and Recreational Objects in the Landscape of the Polish Mountains Obiekty turystyczne i rekreacyjne w krajobrazie gór polskich Grażyna Balińska {mooblock=SUMMARY} Architecture serving the tourist purpose consists of numerous objects of diverse functions, such as hotels, refuges, pensions, sanatoria, restaurants, congress halls, garages, camping sites, railway stations and many others. They greatly influence the landscape. In the report several groups of solutions have been presented, which interact with the mountain landscape. 1. Objects faithful to tradition of indigenous materials (stone and wooden buildings with simple forms, i.e. refuges and mountain doses). 2. Objects faithful to the traditions of regional ornamentation: wooden hotels and pensions, with long galleries, balconies, with characteristic wooden details and the construction specific for the region. 3. Hotels, holiday houses, recreational and skiing objects creating alpine agglomerations, destructively affecting the mountainous landscape. Modern ambitious accomplishments, consistent with high-tech directions, made of glass and steel - alpine meteorological stations, cable-railway stations with unconventional, interesting architecture.{/mooblock} Landscape Architecture in High Mountains - Historical Development and Foresight Architektura krajobrazu wysokogórskiego - rozwój dziejowy i próba prognozy Dariusz Kronowski {mooblock=SUMMARY} Landscape architecture in high mountains is a specific and extraordinary attractive field of scientific research. As well it is a very practical discipline, bringing much utility, because of a worldwide boom of highland tourism and sports. New mountain regions will be open for a mass users, who need buildings and facilities in order to survive, to be safe, and to be comfortable. Evolution of landscape architecture in high mountains has been stimulated by several completely different factors. One of them was just exploring - the basic kind of activity in high mountains - invented, organized and realized by elitist strong people - aristocrats and scientist. Then politics, had to move some interesting streams of development, because of military constructions, sometimes in a very wild, risky places. Finally culture, which is most important in the aspect of aesthetics, technical quality, and good function based on humanist requirements. Conquering landscape in high mountains - step by step, was first of all guided by the pioneers, heroic travellers, adventure men and ladies, showing how to do it. This patterns became more and more popular, next and next achievements were stronger and highly fascinating. So media took over, reporting and promoting high mountains as the greatest satisfaction, fun, way of relaxing, or a way to live. Finally architecture came with a help for people in an extreme landscape conditions. Its evolution - from simple pasture huts, through tourist/climbers shelters, until modern contemporary sophisticated high-tech stations looking somewhere as science-fiction creations, but often as the awful containers thrown into high mountain landscape. The future of landscape architecture in high mountains, is widely open. On one hand - it can be most sophisticated, fascinating creation of marvellous objects composed in a virginal nature. But on the other hand - it can easily be the bad and sad triumph of a primitive boxes production, spoiling the most exotic beauty spots. Landscape architects are necessary in order to avoid this last eventuality.{/mooblock} Srebrna Góra Fortress, its Lot Written in the Landscape Twierdza Srebrna Góra, jej losy zapisane w krajobrazie Jerzy Potyrała {mooblock=SUMMARY} Srebrna Góra fortress, bearing the name of a historic monument, has been effectively guarded within the confines of resiliently active Cultural Park. It constitutes an exceptional relic of fortification art on the European scale, and can play a leading role in re-composition of the landscape of Bardzkie and Sowie Mountains gorge. In order to make it a proper spatial dominant, it must be exposed from among the overgrowing it greenery. The Fortress Cultural Park is an implement which makes such an activity possible.However, a question arises: in what way should the trees be cut down in order to obtain the best composition, reconciling simultaneously the historical- architectonic values of the whole complex with ecology and protection of the natural environment existing there? The spatial image of the fortress underwent considerable changes during its 230 year existence. They were closely connected with the history of the stronghold, i.e. the evolution of the first-class military object in the 18th century into a prison, an engineer polygon, a tourist object and finally a forgotten ruin in the second part of the 20th century. A model of the contemporary panorama of the fortress and town seen from the side of Brudzew was taken as a basis for the analysis. While comparing the archival photographic materials, subsequent models of similar panoramic views from different historical periods were made. Srebrna Góra fortress has a chance to be the most attractive tourist fortress in Pradziad Euroregion, without being competitive for the fortresses in Klodzko and Nysa. On the contrary, the rank of the Euroregion and its meaning in European tourism will be strengthened. The form of exposing of Srebrna Góra fortress in the landscape becomes, in this context, of great importance.{/mooblock} Potholes in the Landscape of Western Spain River Valleys Kotły wirowe w krajobrazie dolin rzecznych zachodniej Hiszpanii Marek W. Lorenc {mooblock=SUMMARY } Spectacular bed forms, eroded by flood flows, are a feature of the bare rock terraces and channels of some rivers cut into granitic rock in the districts of Salamanca, Cceras and Badajoz, W Spain. The bed forms comprise a range of pothole types which individually represent various stages in the evolution of mature potholes. Pothole evolution reflects the hydrodynamics of the erosion, by high velocity flood flows, of bedrock. They evolve in time and in concert with the evolution of the landscape. Initial shallow depressions deepen gradually into cylindrical forms as vertical erosion increases. As time passes, lateral erosion increases and leads to wider cylindrical forms which evolve into asymmetrical and bulbous forms. Second-order scouring leads to the development of minor decorative potholes, tunnels and niche caves in the large, mature potholes. Data on pothole geometry should complement the findings of other geomorphological studies on individual rivers and on regions. The pattern of pothole maturity in a particular river valley can be used as a measure of the "erosionalmaturity" of the valley in the following way. All other things being equal, a pothole pattern involving many immature forms should characterize "young" stages in the erosion of a bedrock surface and, conversely, a preponderance of mature pothole forms should be a feature of "older" stages. Knowing the proportions of the various pothole types in the three areas studied, this simple rule allows the following conclusions. (a) The Salor River valley represents a "young" erosional stage; immature pothole forms predominate and the largest potholes are sited close to the present river channel. (b) The present valley of the Tormes River displays a similar relatively "young" evolutionary stage. The positioning of the large mature potholes above the present river level suggests that the water level in this river was, for a considerable time in the past, higher than it is today. (c) The Jerte River valley represents, essentially, an "old" evolutionary stage overprinted by "younger" erosional event(s). However, in this case, the local geological structure - a series of parallel faults - played an important role in the development of some large sumps (F-type potholes) at the bases of waterfalls. In the evolutionary history of a river channel, pothole formation is rightly recognized as a most potent method of down cutting. At any given moment, however, they are a morphological detail. Other than recognizing the abrasion they reflect, they may tend to be ignored. However, their geometries may allow a point in the history of a river, i.e., its present maturity, to be precisely defined. In addition, the spatial locations of potholes in river valleys reveal past and seasonal water levels. This study in W Spain suggests that a more complete and quantitative knowledge of pothole development in the rivers of the region could profitably complement and refine the findings of other methods of geomorphological measurement.{/mooblock} Analysis of Landscape Interior on the Site of Riparian Fortifications of Fortress Complex Barbariga in Croatia Analiza wnętrza krajobrazowego na terenie nabrzeżnych fortyfikacji grupy warownej Barbariga w Chorwacji Michał Kuriata Łukasz Pardela {mooblock=SUMMARY} The fortress landscape of the Croatian location of Barbariga, being the object of our research is a culture landscape, resultant in the consequence of transformation of a natural seashore into a complex of military defensive works. It has several specific features, which were taken into consideration while creating a simplified graphic method of an open landscape analysis, whose main element of composition is fortress greenery and the fortifications in the form of well preserved, Austrian military buildings from the turn of the 19th and 20th century. The conclusions which arise from the conducted analyses concern the problem of reproduction of historical vegetation concealing the military objects, which have lost their original functions. Inconsiderate reconstruction of the greenery may cause the loss of the landscape values.{/mooblock} |
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No 4/2007, vol. 17 Landscape Shaped with Colour and Light Krajobraz rzeźbiony barwą i światłem SUMMARIES page 79 DOWNLOAD ALL (97,6 MB) |
PROBLEMS Palette of Colours the Sun Rules the Landscape Odczuwanie palety barw czyli słońce włada krajobrazem Włodzimierz Dreszer {mooblock=SUMMARY} Synthesis stimulates the mind, make us reflect. We see less but we notice more and feel more. The limited range of viewing makes our imagination work and allows us to see inside ourselves. Inaccessible spaces for the eye fill thoughts, senses and emotions. The source of light in landscape is one of the most important elements of a designer’s workshop. Similarly like in theatrical and film plays, light in the hands of an artist becomes a tool which releases deep emotions, hardships and experiences. A man – the child of earth is telling about his world. He tells, what is a part of his feelings and experiences among winding paths to perfection of spirit and mind.{/mooblock} A View of Colour, Light and Movement in Modern Landscape Painting Spojrzenie na barwę, światło i ruch we współczesnym malarstwie krajobrazu Anna Borcz {mooblock=SUMMARY} The article includes reflections on the subject of modern landscape painting. By the chosen examples of the author’s own paintings and photographs, the author investigates the means which artists use to depict landscape. It is always their own, artistic interpretation. Colour sets, size and temperature of various spots serve to build up an atmosphere and “colour energies”. Contrast or assimilation of the nature elements or characters painted on canvas can be a result of spontaneous intuition of the author or a decision on the concept of the work taken previously. A concept not limited by realistic local colour. But it is light which decides which colour we see. It is a director of the artistic spectacle. Sometimes it appears in a focussed form on an object, and sometimes it is diluted over a bigger area. It sculptures plants in the painting, terrain shape, or man-made objects. It mirrors their reflection on the water surface and mutually casts shadows. Due to operating with light and shape, an artist achieves an illusion of movement in the painting. The movement, which in the real world is observed on the basis of differences in short periods of time, is very difficult to show on a flat surface of canvas or paper. However, through intellectual building of the full form of a painting and using the above mentioned artistic forms of expression which are presented in the article, the viewer can read the movement, emotions, mood and even changeability of a landscape.{/mooblock} Landscape as the synthesis of a place in the feelings of a painter Pejzaż jako synteza miejsca w odczuciu artysty malarza Adam Wojciech Bagiński {mooblock=SUMMARY} For a landscapist the main theme is nature in all its forms and occurrences. Woods, lakes and rocks are stable motifs ; changeable atmospheric occurrences, such as clouds, fog, sunrise and sunset, cloudy and sunny days, appear simultaneously. Similarly my own experiences and ordeals are present in my creations. Close contact with nature refreshes the imagination and realizes emotional and spontaneous painting to express noticed occurrences and forms. I look for appropriate painting space and form. The main target is to achieve the energetic power of a painting. Cooperation of instinct, intuition and intellect continues until the end of the work. In emotions of work, it seems to me that a painting is finished, but often it occurs that it is not true. After a few days it often happens that some fragments need to be changed and sometimes on this basis a new painting is created, although the first one is not without meaning because the layers of colours create surprising qualities. The form comes from intuition, but in the layout of a painting construction, it is intellectually accepted, that is why it is equally important for me to lay the paint from motion and differing painting material. That gives me a lively and dynamic form.{/mooblock} Geometrized Space of the Landscape Przestrzeń zgeometryzowana krajobrazu Piotr Winskowski {mooblock=SUMMARY} The paper discusses methods of interpretation of landscape in painting, by means of geometric abstraction, and the enrichment of the seeing and understanding of space. The stained glass Great Pastoral Scene in the Winter School of Agriculture in Drachten, Holland (1921-1922), by Theo van Doesburg is here described. This is an unusual work for the avant garde, by the evident relation to the recent past of art (the picture The Sower, 1889-1890, by van Gogh), and by the expression of the universalistic tendencies of De Stijl by relation to the traditional motif of the seasonal changes of nature. There is also shown the impact of the idea of this artwork, which is taken from the surrounding architectural and urban space. The second area of interest is the cycle of oil paintings Sky and Earth by Leszek Misiak, created in the times when the ideas of abstract art have passed, nevertheless abstract style still marks the art, the things of everyday life, and through this it still determines our ways of seeing the contemporary world, dominating conventions. The creative use of these conventions, enriching it by the individually shaped nets of meanings - this is still potentially a fruitful area for creativity and innovations. These impulses and experiences could be also used effectively in the designing and shaping of the landscape.{/mooblock} PRESENTATIONS The Light as en Element of Integration of Landscape Composition Światło jako element integrujący kompozycję krajobrazu Leszek Maluga {mooblock=SUMMARY} The light determines the perception of the space. The lights and the shadows belong to the plastic structure of three-dimensional composition. The type of lighting – daylight or artificial light – could determine the solution of compositional order. The correct lighting integrates the spatial structure. The analysis of lighting in natural and cultural landscapes allows formulation of proposals for designers.{/mooblock} Students’ Projects of Illumination of the Chosen Buildings in Głogów Studenckie projekty iluminacji wybranych budynków w Głogowie Jerzy Potyrała Aleksandra Brodziak {mooblock=SUMMARY} Illumination of architectonical objects is a fascinating assignment for a designer but also a very difficult and responsible one. Artificial light can create space with completely new and surprising spatial values, and emotions accompanying its reception are much stronger than during daytime. The colour of spot lights can saturate the colour of an elevation or it can change it a great deal. How does one accent a fragment of a building so its roof or breaks of wings do not disappear ? When to use a spot light and when a flood of light, what intensity to use? The students in the fourth year of architecture and landscape at Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Science tried to solve those and similar problems while elaborating illumination conceptions for a few buildings of public utility in Głogów, the assignment of city authorities. Six objects belong to that group: the Town Hall, the Collegiate Church, St. Nicolas Church, the Church of Corpus Christi, the castle of Princes of Głogów and the court building which are representative buildings of the city and which are those which survived battles during World War II The projects were carried out under the direction of Dr eng arch Jerzy Potyrała during exercises from “Maintenance and Revalorization” in the 2007 summer semester. The students gained new experiences and they learned not only to use theoretical projects, but also to talk with a real investor in contact with a real object in the terrain. Their work has been appreciated and projects are already in realization.{/mooblock} Colour and Architecture – Colour Perception, Details of Colour Composition Barwa a architektura – percepcja barwy, elementy kompozycji koloru Małgorzata Bąkowska {mooblock=SUMMARY} Visual perception of architecture and town-planning is achieved by light and colour. On the other hand – light and colour are a vital formal medium in architectonical and townplanning design. What is more, light and colour can create the specific atmosphere and climate of the place (genius loci) in design, indicate the purpose of the place, its character or style. The article presents the elements of colour theory, problems of colouristic compositions and practical use. Such problems as: colour perception, emotional influence, symbols of colours and colour contrasts have been elaborated in the article. A supplement to the article is rich in illustration with commentaries.{/mooblock} MATERIALS Colour as a Factor Shaping the Rural Space of Kłodzko Land Kolor jako czynnik kształtujący przestrzeń wiejską Ziemi Kłodzkiej Anna Cała {mooblock=SUMMARY} The article deals with research on the influence of native rock material – sandstone, on the cultural form of the landscape of villages in Lower Silesia. Red sandstone, thanks to its university, found in the considered area – Kłodzko region, is widely used, it is present not only in buildings, details or sculpture, but due to the complex geological structure of this region it is also present in the landscape in a natural form and is without doubt its inseparable part. The intensive red colour of the stone decisively distincts this region of Poland neighbour region and gives it a specific character.FORUM Following the Light – at the Border of Two Worlds, in Baroque Interiors of Silesian Churches Za światłem na granicy dwóch światów we wnętrzach barokowych kościołów śląskich Bogna Ludwig {mooblock=SUMMARY} Interiors of baroque temples influence visitors in a particular, ambiguous way, bringing aesthetical sensations, but also cause philosophical and religious reflections. It is a result of shaping those spaces by the use of various and complicated architectonical methods, which were mastered in the time of the baroque. Light arrangement was one of the most important elements shaping sacral interiors. A baroque church became a connecting point of reality and supernatural. The difference between sacrum and profanum obliterates in its interior. The real space continued into “unearthly” one created by the methods of illusion. Real and introduced light connected together describe this penetration of two worlds, earth and heaven. Hidden sources of light cooperated in creation of illusion and real space, illuminate the assemble of prayers by the light coming from the firmament. Real light had to play the part of supernatural light. The knowledge of methods of shaping the space and arrangement of lighting in interiors in a significant way enriched the architect’s possibilities. It allowed him to obtain defined aesthetical and program targets. The baroque period was the time when art rose to its highest limits. Therefore, it is important, while studying those historical times, to bring closer the defined means and techniques in view of their application nowadays.{/mooblock} |
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No 3/2007, vol. 16 Diversity of Town Landscape Różnorodność krajobrazu miejskiego SUMMARIES page 64 DOWNLOAD ALL (65,3 MB) |
PROBLEMS History of Białystok Squares. Sienny Market Square - a Memory of Space Losy białostockich placów.Rynek Sienny - pamięć o przestrzeni Jadwiga C. Żarnowiecka {mooblock=SUMMARY} Every town or city has its main square, traditionally called a market. This used to be a place where traditional fairs were held, gathering inhabitants of towns and villages from near and afar. In Bialystok during the Inter-War period three market places functioned in the central urban area: Rynek Kosciuszki, Rybny Rynek and Sienny Rynek. Rynek Sienny has remained in the common perception as an important site in the space of the city and as a name. Comparing the plans of the city of Bialystok from various periods it is possible to trace how this square kept "moving", how its size and shape changed. Not only the geometry of the square changed but also its environment. The changes were caused by the destructions during various wars, but also the earlier re-locations. Currently the frontage is highly diverse. The frontage of Mlynowa Street is covered by small scale buildings – one or two storey houses, usually with steep roofs. In most cases these houses are in a dire need of repairs. New multiple storey buildings – either completed or under construction – create formal chaos.{/mooblock} The Natural and Landscape Amenities of Bystrzyca Valley`s Walory przyrodniczo-krajobrazowe doliny Bystrzycy w Lublinie Ewa Trzaskowska Katarzyna Sobczak {mooblock=SUMMARY} River valleys are one of the most significant features of the urban landscape, for they contain both natural landscape elements as well as those of the architectural or built environment. River valleys aesthetically improve the scenery of the urban landscape, while their benefit towards society can be assessed in terms of both their intrinsic ecological value as well as their instrumental touristic and recreational worth. Early development of the town of Lublin centered on the River Bystrzyca, where it featured prominently as the central and integral landscape element. This has ceased to be the case, however, and as a result the town of Lublin has lost its direct historical connection to the river. It is now as if the town has grown and developed with its ‘back’ to the river, losing the connectedness that the two once shared. Local planners seem indifferent to the significance and natural value of Lublin’s river valley, since they have not come up with a plan to develop it according to historical precedent. There are still some significant views of the river in Lublin: from local bridges, from urban districts on the high river banks and a partial view from Zygmuntowski Alley, though it is safe to say that the presence of the River Bystrzyca in Lublin’s cultural landscape is not emphasized nearly enough. The purpose of this article is to assess the natural and cultural landscape value of the River Bystrzyca and guide future development with best management practices, emphasizing cultural landscape preservation and sustainable recreation.{/mooblock} Rivers in the Landscape of a Small Town Siechnice Rzeki w krajobrazie małego miasta Siechnice Eleonora Gonda-Soroczyńska {mooblock=SUMMARY} The river in the town, albeit so small as Siechnice is its important component, forming to some extent a tradition. The river takes part in landscape transformations, influencing its panorama. Three rivers – Odra, Oława and Szalona are situated in Siechnice district. Siechnice is a town for only 10 years, up to 1997 it was a village, where the agriculture was a main function, and rivers, especially Oława played in this time an important role. The localization at the riverside is a characteristic feature of Siechnice; it should be pointed out that terrains of this town require a suitable management.{/mooblock} PRESENTATIONS Permanent Ruins in Landscape of Historical Cities Trwałe ruiny historycznych obiektów w krajobrazie miast Mirosław Przyłęcki {mooblock=SUMMARY} Among many valuable historical and cultural relics, ruined and abandoned buildings, not serving any purpose,deserve special attention. Buildings such as the Roman Coliseum, Athenian Acropolis, Ephesus ruins in Turkey or Pompey in Italy are so called “permanent ruins”. Also in Poland there are many interesting objects viewed as permanent ruins which are more and more often visited by tourists, secured and maintained as a technical destruct. Among them are for example the castles of Cracow- Częstochowa Jura, a castle in Janowiec or in ZąbkowiceŚląskie. Remains of defensive walls of many Lower Silesia cities can also be counted in their number. They co-create in a picturesque way the landscape of the cities. And sometimes are dominants of such landscapes and their identifiers and discriminants.Panoramas of Town Planning Sets in Walbrzych Agglomeration. Suburban Settlements (1900-1945) Panoramy zespołów urbanistycznych aglomeracji wałbrzyskiej. Osiedla podmiejskie (1900–1945) Bogna Ludwig {mooblock=SUMMARY} In course of time, the settlements and dwelling quarters localized around medieval towns Wałbrzych and Boguszów, along with neighboring villages underwent an enlargement to form agglomerations. The transformation of agricultural and weaving centres started about 1850 as a result of development of industry, especially coal mining. At the beginning of 20th century the progress of town planning of Wałbrzych took place, after the First World War the erection of so called “small settlements”, followed about 1930 by building of individual houses for miners occurred. These settlements are today a characteristic feature of Wałbrzych landscape.{/mooblock} Parking Places - an Element of a City Landscape Parking - elementem krajobrazu miasta Jacek Burdziński {mooblock=SUMMARY} Squares with parking places are inseparable spatial elements which co-create the landscape of big cities. Each city which concentrates a variety of public services, needs connectivity to parking places. Many characteristics such as the size of the place itself, introduced surface, lighting elements and most of all, appropriately chosen protective greenery decide if the parking place harmonizes well or badly with the landscape surrounding it. Apart from the decorative function it also plays the part of protection by minimalizing the negative sides of motorization. Most parking places in cities are situated in street-side parking areas. However, most terrain parking places in cities are concentrated on housing estates and squares of houses in streets. The larger sized car parks are situated near big shopping centers. Similar, but perhaps, not so big parking places are found adjacent to company buildings, offices and other establishments There are also big parking areas in cities near to railway or coach stations. In many cities parking places are built underground or in multi-storey buildings. Parking places for family cars, whilst perhaps not a city decoration, are a very distinctive and omnipresent accent of our époque – time of motorization. Parking places can have a positive influence on a city’s landscape as long as they are connected with an appropriate amount of decorative greenery. Aesthetics of parking places in Polish cities is very far from ideal. It can then become an interesting field for actions of creative landscape architects and communication architects.{/mooblock} MATERIALS Designs of a Spacial Regeneration of Battle Fields Projekty przestrzennego odtwarzania pól bitew Janusz Janecki {mooblock=SUMMARY} The history of Poland is especially abundant in numerous battle fields where our ancestors were fighting for independence of our country. Now of a great importance is to keep alive pictures of these battles in mind and in memory; especially young people should know more about history. An example is the panorama of victorious battle of Poles, having place near Racławice, however such type of memory reminding is unsatisfactory for the idea. Therefore a large area for creative action of landscape architects exists.Kwadrat of Legnica - Monumental Greenery Refuge Legnicki Kwadrat - ostoja zabytkowej zieleni Ewa Lenard {mooblock=SUMMARY} Kwadrat of Legnica – Monumental Greenery RefugeThe Southern Part of Tarninów in Legnica, which was called “Kwadrat” (Pol. square) at the time of the Soviet Army’s stay in Poland, has the richest greenery of all residential quarters of the city. Trees and shrubs at the houses and those in the wide alleys had thoughtfully been planted since the quarter’s establishment in 1910-1920 until the beginning of World War II. An analysis of the old post-German plantings of trees and shrubs, which only here exist in relative abundance, enables one to determine the species composition and numbers of particular species. Native species of trees were mainly planted, including Littleleaf lime, Bigleaf lime, Common lime, Norway maple, European ash as well as European hornbeam, the last as a formal (trimmed) hedge. The trees of alien origin commonly used were: Horse chestnut, Blue spruce and Douglas- Fir. Shrubs frequently planted were Sweet mock orange and Common lilac, at the richer houses also English hawthorn, Catawba rhododendron or English yew. Along wide avenues lime trees and Lombardy poplar were planted, whereas along small streets trunk forms of Swedish whitebeam and ‘Nanum’ Hedge maple. The most numerous self-sown trees represented the species: Black locust, Norway maple and European hornbeam, followed by Boxelder, European white birch and Horse chestnut.{/mooblock} |
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