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No 1-2/2006, vol. 12 Dominants in a Landscape Dominanty w krajobrazie SUMMARIES page 55 DOWNLOAD ALL (47,8 MB) |
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PROBLEM Dominants in a Landscape Dominanty w krajobrazie Mirosław Przyłęcki {mooblock=SUMMARY} Landscape, its parts and individual fragments create a defined spatial composition. A very important element and a component in landscape compositions are dominants. Mountains, rocks hills, downcasts, mountain slopes and other natural creations as such are distinctive with their scale and situation in a landscape. Dominants are very often enriched by interesting historical buildings-today protected as relics of the past and objects of national heritage. Most architectonical landscape dominants apart from spatial, artistic and often historical values also have a rank and importance as a symbol. Spatial place "identificator". The carrier of identity and landscape discriminator, which sight (e.g. in a photograph, drawing or a film) without a doubt associates with a city, area, historical and geographical region or a country. It is most of all landscape dominants, terrain shape and vegetation which define the identity of a landscape and identify it on a geographical, historical and cultural account.{/mooblock} Srange Fortunes of Landscape Dominants Dziwne losy dominant krajobrazowych Krystyna Pawłowska {mooblock=SUMMARY} Dominant, as its encyclopedic definition says, is the major motive, fundamental characteristic, exceptional element or an element which outnumbers others in a given set. Higher, huger, brighter or more original objects exist in all types of landscapes from primal ones to cultural ones. The importance of a dominant is given to them in the perception process by the person viewing. The dominant - the object effect, which on purpose is to dominate the others and be a carrier of a substance worth stressing and remembering has been applied since the beginning of architecture history. One of such functions is marking the centre of a town or other settlement unit. That is why, looking on a panorama of a city we are looking for towers, and when we find them, we know where the centre lies, and sometimes we also know what city it is. For dominants stand to the function of a specific city logo, like for example the Eiffel Tower in Paris. Dominants regional effect can be noticed in a cultural landscape which most often evidence religious separation of defined regions.In the perception process we simultaneously recognize the object or phenomena (e.g. a dominant) and transform the gained information in a way conditioned by capability of our previous knowledge and the state of feelings and the actual situation: here and now. Perception effect can be, therefore, much varied. That is why it does not depend on creators but most of all on receivers to accept the dominant role of a specific object and a symbolic sense of consignment of which carrier it is to be. Dominant dependence on perception allows for successful, but sometimes not so successful dominants, sometimes strange, sometimes perfidious transformations, attempts to falsify symbols e.t.c. are possible. Strange fortunes of dominants in Siebenbürgen, Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw, Hundertwasser Haus in Vienna and towers of the World Trade Centre in New York are presented in the text.{/mooblock} Dominants of a Farmer and Modern Village in South-West Poland Dominanty dawnej i współczesnej wsi poludniowo-zachodniej Polski Irena Niedźwiecka-Filipiak Zuzanna Borcz {mooblock=SUMMARY} Dominants of a Former and Modern Village in South-West Poland Identification of the place in question is the most important issue for a village. There is nothing more confusing than an indistinction and chaotic pseudo-freedom which leads to the lack of orientation. One of the identifying elements both in the natural landscape and in their anthropogenic origin always were dominants. Their role in rural landscape is very important although not always appreciated, and in cases when it blemished the neighborhood, often underestimated. Traditional dominants in villages among others are: a church with a tower, often situated on a rise or in the highest place in a village, towers of distilleries, breweries or other production workshops in granges, water towers, towers of fire stations, windmills, former, brick tower transformer stations, chapels and side road crosses, single specimens of trees, whole farm sets, with remarkable, in comparison to the rest of the village, storage and farming buildings, mansions and palaces, former recreation halls distinguished by their size and arch castellated window openings, huge village ponds or empty squares in a village. The above mentioned not always are dominants. Everything depends on their surrounding which means that an element is receipted as a dominant and gives character both to the panorama and closed interiors. While situating objects where importance was to be stressed, terrain shape was used. Even a minor hill allowed a good exposition of a church, chapel or cross. Unfortunately, a new object with big cubature situated in a modern village most often takes into consideration only the functional needs of the users. Blocking vistas, dominants, gates or accents are the ideas which are avoided while designing, especially in rural areas. Impulsive actions can be noticed here, which answer only the needs of a moment. In fact it is difficult to find modern built objects in areas of a village which fulfill the expectations which were bestowed in dominants. {/mooblock} Composition of a Cultural Landscape Kompozycja krajobrazu kulturowego Jan Rylke {mooblock=SUMMARY} A landscape filled with fields, woods and factories; divided by roads and railway lines was so far perceived by the functions it fulfils rather than characterizing it composition. Composition was referred to in reference to parks, representative town planning solutions - about the beauty in reference to natural forms- mountains, lakes, waterfalls. Today when agricultural and industrial landscape is shrinking and many areas are not filled by productive functions, other than functional sources of the order are sought. This article is an attempt to view a landscape not from the side of its utility but from the cultural characteristics which are visible and their meaning. Because through culture, throughout centuries of the process of society living in a landscape, that society shaped its form which we can analyze now. The places which were used to describe the researched landscape in the south of Warmia, Warsaw and the set of former estates of Wilanów presently situated in the southern part of Warsaw.{/mooblock} PRESENTATIONS Meaning of Histarical Dominant in Cultural Landscape Based on the Example of Citadel Park in Poznań Znaczenie dominanty historycznej w krajobrazie kulturowym na przykładzie Cytadeli w Poznaniu Łukasz Pardela {mooblock=SUMMARY} Fortifications hide landscape interiors. They include a series of separate elements, captivated within limits of outline of a defensive work. Such interiors, in the way they were built, are seldom different from landscape interiors which can be seen in antique parks or gardens. Their uniqueness are most of all of historical and natural value. Therefore they create an ideal range for research on the importance of dominant in landscape. As terrain researches, supervised by eng. arch. Jerzy Potyrała in 2003-2006 and performed by students from Landscape Architecture, direction of Lower Silesia nature University, show that the key element of reception of landscape interiors, which are included in sightseeing routes, is the order of viewing. Citadel Park in Poznań, which is a dominant in Poznań landscape, has unique aesthetical and composition values because of its historical lineage and multiple relics of defense works. The correct exposition of those pearls of defense architecture, which most often are in ruin, and careful space management which will allow one to perceive the fortification as a whole.{/mooblock} Genesis of a Landscape Dominated by a River Geneza krajobrazu miasta zdeterminowanego rzeką Paweł Byrski {mooblock=SUMMARY} The location of Frankfurt(O) and Slubice are determined by geographical coordinates: Longtitude 14: 5 E and Latitude 52: 3 N. The commune Slubice is placed between Pradolina Warszawsko-Berlinska and Pradolina Torunsko-Eberswaldzka, in Pojezierze Lubuskie, by the central Odra. The relief is diversified. To the south of Slubice the valley has a width of 1.5 km. However, it widens from the north of the town to 6 km. It is a flat area with a height of about 20 m above sea level. The Odra at this place narrows giving only one good crossing point. The first settlements were already in existence here in the fifth or fourth millennium B.C. As a result of the First World War Germany lost areas in Eastern Europe. After that, Frankfurt(O) had to engage Germans displaced from the East. National socialism and the Second World War led the metropolis beside the Odra to serious crisis; in April 1945 the old town was burned, Frankfurt(O) became a frontier town and the part located on the east side of the Odra was given to Poland as Slubice town. In the new political and territorial situation residents started the reconstruction and adaptation of towns for new needs. The border checkpoint quickly became the most important on the western border of Poland, the bridge blown up in wartime was rebuilt. Frankfurt was developing dynamically, the big population was growing, large housing estates with blocks of flats and modern office buildings were built. The fall of the Berlin Wall and demographic changes at the end of the 20th century caused regression of Frankfurt into a provincial town near Berlin, emigration of population unsettled the social balance. Slubice, the old part of Frankfurt(O), has urban form as a result of trade routes running for the western border. Very few architectural monuments were scattered and the town hadn`t any prestigious places, a centre like Market Square didn`t exist. Right before the towns there is the Odra buffer area located to protect against floods which have often occurred in recent years When water is draining off, the landscape is very unpleasant. The bank of the river has been developed, especially on the German side. However it hasn`t resulted in a considerable inflow of residents into boulevards. The deficiency in recreational usage of water resources and rather difficult access to them mean that the towns are isolated from the river. Boulevards, the riverside area and the part of the floodplain could be the place, where integration of common space would happen. And then big urban areas be connected through activation of small but important fragments. To make it possible, it`s very important to create communication channels for public transport, foot and bicycle paths. The main channels should be designed as view axis ended with natural landscape.{/mooblock} Pictures in City Landscape - Murais {mooblock=SUMMARY} Called "the cover of poverty" or "anti-decoration" by some and "artistic decoration" by others, murals have been inscribed in the landscape of almost all huge urban agglomerations of both Americas and Western Europe. The period of most dynamic development of various forms and techniques of murals occurred in the 1970s and 1980s. The fact that they can fulfill many substantial functions, such as informational, commercial, educational or become expressions of rebellion or identification of the inhabitants with the city, add to their impetuous development. Because of their scale, colour, symbolic and in many cases also artistic values, murals become distinctive landmarks in urban landscape. The article presents in an outline some aspects concerning context, form and function of modern murals.{/mooblock} Pedestrian, Driver, Passenger, Flaneur. Perception of Dominants in the Modern Urban Space Pieszy, kierowca, pasażer, flaneur. Percepcja dominant we współczesnej przestrzeni miejskiej Jarosław P. Szewczyk Jadwiga C. Żarnowiecka {mooblock=SUMMARY} Global cities and mega-cities, virtual cities and post-situational cities of New Town development became abstract ideas, describing ideas impossible for individual perception, highly surpassing the perceptive abilities of man. Over-scaling urban environment over what one is able to perceive and connect into full, bears new aesthetical theories in which city tissue becomes a background, coulisse without hierarchy. Rules of aesthetic anarchy begin to rule the city perception and a system of accent, marks and dominants stops bonding urban space, because a compact picture of a city simply ceases to exist. Accents, marks and dominants become a set of non hierarchized sections of space with defined charm, climate, "city spirit", "flowers on a meadow of a city" - but do not direct, do not inform, stop being a reference system. A city dweller becomes a wanderer - flaneur, perceiving that what he wants to see, and a wander in the city becomes to be a form of not orientated meditation, devoid of direction and aim.{/mooblock} |
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No 3-4/2006 Identity of Managed Greenery Tożsamość zieleni zorganizowanej SUMMARIES page102 DOWNLOAD ALL (9,03 MB) |
PROBLEMS History and Perspectives of Parks and Gardens Development in Lower Silesia and their Revalorization on the Example of a Park in Ślęża Historia i perspektywy rozwoju parków i ogrodów na Dolnym Śląsku oraz ich rewaloryzacja na przykładzie parku w Ślęży Barbara Stępniewska-Janowska Aleksandra Lis {mooblock=SUMMARY} The article presents the problem considering the renewal of palacepark sets in Lower Silesia. Programs and Polish and European strategies which aim among others at improving the state of relics of the past, enlargement of national supply of cultural heritage, complex revalorization of relics and their adaptation for different uses, other than cultural purposes and improvement of legal and organizational conditions within the limits of relics of the past preservation and their documentation has been taken into consideration. In the further part of the article, genesis and development of gardens in Lower Silesia was discussed, with special attention paid to their value and characteristics. Next, the concept of revalorization of one of the parks - the park by a palace-park set in Ślęża, as an example of an object revalorized with preservation of its former function i.e. of a private residence, was presented.{/mooblock} Physiognomy of Rural Landscape as a Result of Cultural Attitude of its Inhabitants Fizjonomia krajobrazu wiejskiego jako efekt postaw kulturowych jego mieszkańców Zbigniew Borkowski {mooblock=SUMMARY} The physiognomy of rural landscape differs in time and through space. In a pristine landscape an order prevailed and a modern cultural landscape is not harmonious any more. Becoming conscious of the fact and providing for human needs caused reflection and an ability to define a list of rules of sustainable development. Some ideas about village renewal were realized in those days. They may be characterized by solidarity and humanous thinking which are essential in realizing humanous and spiritual values treated together. If solidarity and humanous thinking is not popular among people who live in a village it should be formed appropriately. A culture means making and a transformation of exemplars, values and models of actions having an affect on human behaviour. Culture affects a form of human living and a manner of existing. This definition of culture allows us to come to the conclusion defining principles of a rural landscape design. In the further part of research a method of hermeneutic explication was applied and it allowed us to explain the rules which are taken into consideration during village renewal while the material and ways of building the form of objects are chosen. The variability of cultural landscape may be explained by causative and proper reasoning. The cause of changing the landscape is truth, goodness and the beauty of a landscape. The physiognomy of a landscape testifies to a degree of maturity and culture of people living in such a landscape.{/mooblock} Agenda for Green Structure in Polish Cities - Cost Action 11 Green Structure and Urban Planning Perspective Rozwój "zielonej infrastruktury" w polskich miastach w świetle rekomendacji Programu Cost Action 11 Zielona infrastruktura i planowanie miast Barbara Szulczewska {mooblock=SUMMARY} Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza rekomendacji, opracowanych przez uczestników programu Cost Action 11 Green structure and Urban Planning, z punktu widzenia polskich uwarunkowań, problemów oraz potrzeb. W ramach programu, realizowanego w latach 2000-2004, przedstawiciele 15 krajów europejskich sformułowali zasady wyznaczania, kształtowania i realizacji elementu struktury przestrzennej miasta, określonej terminem green structure (zielona infrastruktura). Ich podstawą były analizy przeprowadzane w trzech zasadniczych aspektach: ekologicznym, społecznym oraz związanym z planowaniem i zarządzaniem. Natomiast rekomendacje sformułowano w odniesieniu do trzech kwestii, uznanych za najistotniejsze z punktu widzenia aktualnych problemów rozwoju miasta: 1. żywiołowe rozprzestrzenienie się miast czy miasto zwarte jako wybór dla miast europejskich; 2. segregacja czy integracja jako skuteczna strategia ochrony terenów zieleni (zielonej infrastruktury); 3. "z dołu do góry" czy z "góry na dół" jako właściwe podejście do planowania terenów zieleni (zielonej infrastruktury). Problemy rozwoju miast polskich oraz polska specyfika kształtowania zielonej infrastruktury powoduje, że zastosowanie rekomendacji Programu Cost C11 napotykać będzie przeszkody. Powodem są nie tyle z uwarunkowania formalno-prawne, co brak autentycznego, dobrze podbudowanego przez konkretne badania naukowe i analizy "dobrych praktyk", przekonania o znaczeniu zielonej infrastruktury w strukturze przestrzennej miasta. Przekonanie to powinny wyraźnie artykułować władze miast poprzez konkretne decyzje, a nie puste deklaracje oraz społeczności lokalne poprzez rozumne zaangażowanie w ochronę, ale także właściwe wykorzystanie terenów zieleni.Lublin Green Area - About the Necessity of City Greenery Modernization Tereny zieleni Lublina - o konieczności modernizacji zieleni miasta Katarzyna Sobczak {mooblock=SUMMARY} The crisis of public spaces in Poland has been apparent for some time. Their culture-creating meaning is slowly disappearing, and life in a city is becoming mass and anonymous. It is similar in Lublin. Inhabitants do not rest in the city. In summer, every weekend, we can notice a row of cars heading for Łęczycko- Włodawski lake District. Others "rest" in hypermarkets or in front of the computer or TV screen. The reason for such a state is the old-fashioned and unattractive program of green areas in a city. And Lublin is most definitely a "green city"". A few types of greenery can be distinguished here. Their role is obvious to everybody. But is it really? Without a doubt, specialists know it - landscape architects and planners but the "common man" does not know much about the biological, climatic or social role of green areas. They are all "of no importance" to their users. The only important thing is that it should be nice and that they can "do something" there. The article describes the problem of the present state of green areas in Lublin and their modernization - adjustment to common leisure needs of the inhabitants.PRESENTATIONS European Garden - Valtice-Lednice Ogród Europy - Valtice-Lednice Marek Liszewski Rafał Wodzicki {mooblock=SUMMARY} Gardening art is an important element of the national culture of various countries but it is also a common European heritage. A good example supporting that thesis is the landscape complex Valtice-Lednice, situated in Moravia in the Czech Republic. This 150 ha area on the border of Czech, Slovakia and Austria was for almost 700 years shaped by the Liechtenstein family. The power of the family progressed throughout years and found its emanation in a form of a bombast palace in Valtanice which became the main seat of the family in 1608. Lednice, situated 7 km farther, were a summer estate of princes. Experiments on gardening art were run in the park situated there. At the beginning of the 17th century Charles the 1st starts, and his son continues the rebuilding of the palace in Lednica and development of a garden in a baroque style. Supervised by European experts in the field of architecture and gardening art, terraces richly decorated with flower beds, sculptures and fountains. At the end of the 17th century, Fisher von Erlach builds a manieristic building of a Riding School in the surroundings of a baroque palace. In the 18th century, the park was reorganized in a French baroque style, according to rules by Le Nôtre, reducing decorative flower beds and opening visual axes to the surrounding landscape. Also in that period were created the first elements (i.e. monumental lane) which connect Valtice and Lednice in one vast area of a landscape park. The important changes in Lednice occur in 1805-1811, when prince John Joseph he 1st, with a great amount of funds and work, creates an enormous pond with islands in the park and the river Dyje runs along a different bed. In that period the whole area between Lednice and Valtice is connected into one complex of a landscape park, created a so-called decorative farm, where usable and decorative functions of the garden were skillfully connected. In the middle of the 19th century the palace in Lednice is rebuilt in the English neo-gothic style. A orangery of cast iron was also created where a rich collection of tropical plants was placed. For creating an appropriate surrounding, the next owner of the estate John Joseph the 2nd- buys, and next demolishes a part of a village to the south of the palace, where a baroque garden is created according to the design of Florentine, Vicenzo Michelli. The garden is divided by two main axes, vertical to each other. Among flower beds and bosquets, two collections of plants were founded: rosary on the east side and pintum ( a collection of pine trees), and arboretum and perrenial garden on the west. A precursory method to replant trees of considerable sizes was used to prevent the differences in age and height of the trees in comparison to the rest of the park. Valtice-Lednice complex can be divided in two parts: sentimental part-garden set in Lednice and the remaining area, shaped into a romantic landscape park. The whole is preserved in good shape and in 1996 both places together with their surroundings were included on the List of World Heritage of Culture and Nature UNESCO.{/mooblock} Forgotten Values of Old Parks Zapomniane wartości starych parków Monika Czechowicz {mooblock=SUMMARY} Lower Silesia is an area prodigal with palace-park sets which have been preserved until the present. Localization in this part of Europe because of historical and cultural conditions. Many of the objects preserved until today still have the readable compositional set and we can easily discover the main thought of their creators. The analyzed objects have undergone dramatic changes during the years. Starting with the changes of the park area, devastation of cubature objects, clearing trees to complete liquidation of sets and building small housing estates in their place. The present state of many objects often requires immediate human intervention and large financial inputs. This article is an attempt at systematizing information on the subject of compositional, cultural, historical and landscape value of old parks remaining after the destruction of mansions, which are the cultural element of Lower Silesia heritage.Wrocław Garden Estate-Sępolno, Establishing and Greenery Development Wrocławskie osiedle-ogród Sępolno - powstanie i rozwój układu zieleni Aleksandra Lis Marek Lis {mooblock=SUMMARY} The results of research on establishing and greenery development in the area of Wrocław garden estate - Sępolno which were run in 1993-2004. The housing estate established in 1919-1935 constitutes a remarkable achievement of composition in the interwar period. The housing estate was built on a collective basis which is why its development is a typical example of cheap, simple in form build. But the development was accompanied by varied design sets and scales of greenery. While describing the historical greenery set, attention was not only paid to it's remarkable values but also to mistakes made by the authors of the project with the choice of framework tree stand. In the second part of the article, a critical analyze of postwar actions which were taken to preserve and revitolize the greenery system is presented. The mistakes and defects of introduced solutions were described. In the summary are included the conclusions on the subject of revitolization of greenery sets in Sępolno.{/mooblock} Park which Still Exists. Mansion-Park Set in Zgłobnic near Tarnów Park, który jeszcze istnieje. Założenie dworsko-parkowe w Zgłobicach koło Tarnowa Zofia Malinowska Danuta Kraus {mooblock=SUMMARY} The process of devastation is still running and there are less and less palace sets in the area on the country which would in many cases represent antique and landscape values. The present study is devoted to one of such sets. The described set is situated in Zgłobice near Tarnów. a 19th century, neo-classical manor house together with farm buildings and a park from the same period are included in the set. Unfortunately the estate has been in a state of dilapidation for 10 years as it has no owner. As a result of the greenery inventory it was concluded that the park still has a clear spatial setting, and also numerous specimens of old trees can be found there. The whole set which constitutes to the testimony of a long passed époque and characteristic for its spatial solutions deserves conservatory protection. But there is a threat that soon it will be too late to preserve it.{/mooblock} TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS Lawn in Garden Architecture Powierzchnie trawiaste w architekturze ogrodów Franciszek Gospodarczyk Anna Popów-Nowicka {mooblock=SUMMARY} A way of establishing and caring for lawns in gardens based on our own researches and literature data have been discussed in the article. Because of aesthetical values and the functions which a lawn performs in the garden, the steps which are necessary to be taken to have a beautiful and durable lawn have been stressed. The optimal solution which allows improvement of the quality of lawns is a change of approach to the problem of starting and care over the lawn. For the reason of lack of sufficient number of studies in our country it would be advisable to use the scientific and practical elaborations from Germany as climatic conditions are very close to the ones in Poland.{/mooblock} Landscape in Architecture of Golf Courses Krajobraz w architekturze pól golfowych Iwona Orzechowska {mooblock=SUMMARY} A golf course is a characteristic sports object, in which 90% of its surface is covered by lawn. Appropriate mixtures of grass for various parts of the course - green, tee, fairway, rough - are based on different kinds, and mostly on all types of raised lawn grass with specific biological and usable characteristics. Golf courses are like no other sports object connected with environment, plants and landscape. The way of intercourse with surroundings, visual associations, using the natural landscape and also composing the parts of the golf course into the environment determine its attractiveness, uniqueness of the object, its identity.FORUM Second Houses in a Modern French Village Drugie domy we współczesnej wsi francuskiej Eleonora Gonda-Soroczyńska {mooblock=SUMMARY} The French view their native villages and their problems in various ways. Up to 27% of people concludes that rural areas have a real power of attraction., and that they would like to live in a little village, especially at the seaside or in the mountains. Only 8% of people inhabiting villages would prefer to live in cities. Huge interest in villages is shown by people with high income and long work period, who would gladly change their present place of living. Such people first of all notice the benefits and quality of the surrounding, beautiful and natural landscape, quietness and other possibilities of leisure than in cities. There are also quite a few people in France who live simultaneously in a few places, especially because of the work they perform, seldom because of leisure reasons. In different regions of the country such a situation also varies. In France, more and more villages are of a typically character for inhibition. Up to 60% of houses are co called "second houses", where richer French spend their holidays and weekends. At the end of the 19th century in France cities were developing very rapidly. With intensive increase of population. Simultaneously a decline in villages was noticed and mass emigrations of village inhabitants which caused their depopulation. Increase of emigration from rural areas was called a rural exodus ( excode rural). Presently the situation is undergoing a slow change. A slow rise of population can be noticed in some rural areas. The French build their second, new house which has only a habitable purpose. They often adapt deserted farms for habitable purposes or habitable and service ones. Economical crisis which last many years, the process of devastation of neglected buildings and infrastructure has created and still creates a great challenge for commune self-governments as far as village renewal is concerned. They have a great range of actions in creating the conditions which would provoke the return of people to the village. Presently the birth of the new tendency of returning to one's roots can be seen. And the slogan Ťvivre au paysť is very popular. It promotes life in small towns. Exposes the essence of closeness of interpersonal relations. Migration of people who retire after their professional activity has ended has become very popular among those who return to their place of birth. However economical and employment problems still exist at rural areas. A decrees of agriculture importance and competition in non-agricultural sectors can also be noticed. Many projects which aim at village renewal are carried out in France. These are projects leading most of all to building development and infrastructure renovation, protection of cultural heritage and tourism development. Actions to limit interference in local landscape and actions to protect the landscape are also targets of those projects.Murals of California Murale Kalifornii Małgorzata Bąkowska {mooblock=SUMMARY} The paper draws an outline of the phenomenon of the Mural Movement in California (US). grunted experiences of Mexican mural and a giant mural program run in the 1930s on the 20th century within limits of New deal plan had big influence on its development. Murals themes often touches social issues, but also ranges to landscapes, fauna and flora themes, image of illusions of elevation decorations and widely considered history of the place. Portraits and group scenes, symbols of popular culture, loosely composed quotations from historical painting appear there. Various artistic currents such as: realism, op-art, hyperrealism, expressionism, cubism pop-art geometrical abstractionism and graffiti motives have their reflection in mural art. For many murals the leading motive is an element of humour and graphical humour. Murals are inseparable element of a landscape of Californian cities - both huge agglomerations and provincial settlements. Many places promote their mural as touristic attraction. the fact that many murals, especially those which are commonly acknowledged, is regularly restored and renewed proves that statement.State of Preservation of Historical Gardens in the Czech Republic, Germany and Great Britain Stan zachowania historycznych ogrodów Czech, Niemiec i Anglii Marek Liszewski {mooblock=SUMMARY} Gardening art is an important element of national culture. It often consolidates and unites societies of various nations. It also provides historical continuity in the history of separate countries. We can see it for ourselves while traveling around neighbouring countries: The Czech republic, Germany and Great Britain. The place worth seeing in our southern neighbours is a Baroque garden situated in the former health resort of Kuks, where the most celebrated representatives of mid-European aristocracy and the world of art spent their time between the 17th and 18th century. On the other hand the great family of French aristocratic elite - Rohans settled in the Czech Paradise. Royals of Austria and France visited their estate and admired this most beautiful park in the English style. Czech Prague can pride itself on marvelous architectonical works of art from the Renaissance period, i.e. Belveder on Hradcan hill. In Großsedlitz near Dresden is situated the most wonderful garden of King Augustus the Strong - Saxon Elector and King of Poland. The most celebrated architects and designers of European gardens of those times, such as : Heinrich Brühl, Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann, or Carl Friedrich Pöppelmann worked for the Saxon court. In the capital of Prussia - Berlin, we can find the traces of work by famous French garden designers, S. Godeau and J.P. Lenné, who created the palace - garden set - Charlottenburg. In the times of Prussian prosperity, the castle and Rococo garden of Sanssouci in Potsdam was created. The spiritual capital of England still remains Canterbury together with its medieval Cathedral, but Windsor and Hampton Court Palace can be seen as a symbol of laic authority. Queen Victoria made Windsor, the old Gothic fortress, her main abode and there she buried her husband, Prince Albert. The castle is surrounded by great Windsor park. Hampton court had its blooming period during the Tudor reign. The Pond Gardens and The Knot Gardens are examples of gardens from the times of Henry VIII. The Privy Garden is an original garden set in the Dutch style modeled on a private garden of William II. But the best known garden-park set in England is London Kew Gardens also known as the Royal Botanic Gardens. About 50.000 plant species were gathered in a 120 ha park, and such famous architects as Chambers and Nesfield took part in its creation. London Greenwich Park and French Versailles are connected by the name of a famous garden designer - Le Nôtre. We can conclude from that short trip around Europe that gardening art had no borders, and it's inspirations were common to the sponsors and creators from those days irrespective of their origin.{/mooblock} |
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