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Nr 1-2/2002, vol. 4 Miasto i strefa podmiejska City and Suburban Zone STRESZCZENIA str. 110 POBIERZ CAŁY NUMER (26,3 MB) |
PROBLEMY Rezolucja w sprawie zrównoważonego rozwoju strefy podmiejskiej oraz roli i zadań architekta krajobrazu Resolution in the Matter of Balanced Development of a Suburban Zone and the Role and Assignments of a Landscape Architect Alina Drapella-Hermansdorfer {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} Soon almost 80% of Europeans will be living in urbanized environments, most of all on city outskirts and suburban zones. Simultaneously, since the first Earth Summit (1992) it has been expected that further social and economical development, including investments – must have a stable balanced character with possibilities for the adaptation of nature. Reasonable spatial management belongs to strategic elements of balanced development and as such it can be compared with protection of non-revolving sources of energy. Therefore, non-develpoped areas can be seen in categories of national heritage, irrespective of whether they represent particular natural or cultural values. The landscape of Poland is our common good for which we are all responsible. It is a reflection of our culture – our abilities and negligence. So it should, as soon as possible, become a subject of integral planning, in which the participation of a landscape architect is a European standard. {/mooblock} Identyfikacja przestrzeni "pomiędzy", czy formy przenikania? Identification of Space "Among", Whether Forms of Penetration? Wojciech Pawłowski Adam Szymski {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} However occurrence of space “in-between” in architectonical assumptions can give a positive picture, in town-planning it is necessary to strive to dispose of such accidental and unwanted sets. It is essential to use tourist and natural values of suburban communes to create natural directions when shaping hiking and cycling tourist routes which originate in an urban structure fluently transforming in areas of a high landscape and natural values. In a similar way it is needed to shape development of building estate sets which should harmoniously connect a city with local terrain. Together with economical development of an urban center it is obvious that its borders will be submitted to changes. Former suburban areas will be imbided by the city organism, but the area mentioned earlier will not disappear but undergo displacement. Therefore the suburban landscape needs to be formed in such a way that it has a natural and coherent connection with suburban terrains. In such a way it will be possible to avoid town-planning chaos in a new city structure and gain an ordered spatial organism, which exposes landscape values, fluently changing from one set to another. Such effects are not possible to be gained without elaborating a common, uniform plan of development of the areas of an urban complex with suburban communities. {/mooblock} Zrównoważona rehabilitacja przedmieść - powrót do kultury europejskiej Sustainable Rehabilitation of Outskirts - Reeuropeisation Cultural Landscape Wojciech Kosiński {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} Outskirts surrounding towns in post-communist East Europe, represent most deteriorated landscape, more destructed then townscape, villages and open landscapes. However transformation in this region since 1989 brings several positive features in space, but unfortunately outskirts and provincial landscapes present not cultural landscape, but chaotic, nomans land without identity. Restoring this areas is exceptionaly difficult, because they are huge and complex. But province is most significant indicator of quality in the country – social, economic and last but not least – aesthetic. So the way from postcommunist East Europe towards free United Europe, goes through this rehabilitation. In our outskirts and province there are several factors – elements of space, which spoil the cultural landscape. This elements need reparation, which opens a great chance – reeuropeisation the East. 1/ Housing – communist modell; blocks, and extensive, chaotic houses, covering areas between towns and villages. 2/ Housing – postcommunist modell; pseudo-American condominiums collective or row houses, intensive, but totaly cut of from urban or rural structures. 3/ Market buildings; as well pseudo-American modell, located far from urban centres, brutaly dominating landscape, as blocks of flats built in communism. 4/ Market areas, “stock markets” where people sell cars, or green products. This are mainly primitive large squares without landscape values. 5/ Traffic lines, areas and facilities, as motorways check-in centres, airportrs, and harbours. 6/ Agriculture areas, mainly turned from natural growing culture, into semi-industrial production using pesticides, concentrated in monotonous green houses, also without landscape values. 7/ Parks and forest areas dominated with meadows, trees and water, as well gardens and cemeteries. Green terrains play double role: at first they serve as ecological sources for nearby towns, eg. circular green belts and diagonal natural corridors offering fresh air and supplay of salubrious waters; secondly they are used for numerous types of health service, recreation, spacy sports, and tourism. Conclusions. 1. Traditional, classical European town means harmonious “Gestalt” of built up area, and clear edge between it and open surrounding. Eventual “fringes” are logical urban or rural settlements with identity and beauty. This model still exists in leading Westeuropean countries. 2. Communism together with false interpretation of Modern Movement occured with blocks of flats surrounding towns, and with uncontrolled dispersion of chaotic family-houses, around towns in open landscape. 3. Postcommunism during first decade of transformation in Easteuropean countries occures in suburbs with pseudo-American concepts oriented for fast money only, not for quality of landscape. 4. The most logical idea for better future of cultural landscapes in suburbs, fringes, outskirts and province is rehabilitation according to evergreen pattern of European town-and-landscape design. It has doble advantage: it will make the landscape more efficient and beautiful, also it will be significant prove that standards in East European countries become closer to these in United Europe. {/mooblock} Zielone przedmieścia Śląska Silesia`s Green Suburbs Wiesława Strabel Jacek Włodarczyk {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} The quality of the area in which we live can be determined in relation to suburban zones putting forward the problem – how to reconcile the growing attractivity for investments in suburban areas with those still green open spaces, so far without any investments, without reducing their natural and landscape values? – how to develop without any devastations? Such is our proposal of setting up a programme to develop those areas adjacent to towns. We want to illustrate this by examples of solutions in the Upper Silesian Municipal Area. The most important matter is to set up new landscape standards, new spatial Values referring to classical ideas of upgrading our towns, so that they might come up to modern times and a harmonious development. As a tool for such a planning may serve detailed and general plans of towns as a legal basis of their creation, the final effect being not only the health of their inhabitants, but also attractive outskirts of these human settlementst. Studies which have been undertaken indicate distinctly the necessity of cooperation and solidary endeavour of all the participants in this creative process, i.e. the shaping of suburban zones. {/mooblock} Zrównoważone formy funkcjonowania miasta i jego otoczenia Balanced Forms of Functioning of the City and its Surroundings Anna Górka {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} The aim of the work is a critical review of special conceptions when balancing the surroundings of a city. The characteristics of the models: “compact city, urban village, New urbanism, perm- culture, jurisdiction, city in a rural enclave and two architectonical and city-planning structures which build a city tissue” have been generally presented. The idea of balancing a city reminds us that it is itself a part of the world of nature which has been transformed by mankind. A traditional dichotomy city (artificial environment, active element) – a village (part of the world of nature, passive element) submitted to an urban-rural partnership. It gives bilateral benefits and a new chance for a better quality of life in the whole “ecological region” Turning to the quality of life nowadays and in the future, revival, revitalization, re-urbanism of not only city centers but whole regions, seems to be an overriding aim of the strategy of balancing the development. The foregoing conclusions incline us to formulate a postulate of variety of forms to balance a city, shaped on the basis of culture conditioned ideas about the quality of life. Bestowal of a leading part to the social-cultural aspect in defining special characteristics of a balanced settlement, creates a chance for more integral research and project approach. {/mooblock} Strefa podmiejska miasta Krakowa - wybrane aspekty stanu krajobrazu Suburban Zone of Cracow City - Chosen Aspects of Landscape State Barbara Rzegocińska-Tyżuk {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} A counteraction to spontaneous development of buildings and expansion of suburban zones – is one of the aims of a special policy introducing an order and guarantee of balanced city development. An analyses of the landscape state of suburban zones in cities in Poland, including Cracow – unfortunately shows a lack of such counteractions. Legislation regulations also do not favour the accurate shaping of the spatial picture of suburban zones. Apart from general legal, statutory (connected to regulations of European union countries) adaptations, there also exists a need for more detailed legal regulations. They should also regard, among others, preservation of environmental values – identity of suburban areas and local cultural values (examples of such are for instance “sub-Cracovian” Bronowice – a setting for the drama “Wesele” by Stanisław Wyspaiński). {/mooblock} PREZENTACJE Bramy miasta - akcenty przestrzenne w strefie podmiejskiej The Town Gates - Spacial Accents in Suburban Tomasz Opania {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} Tomasz Opania is the author of a project and a builder of three sculptures situated at tollbooths in Milicz – Lower Silesia voiewodeship. The realization is a result of a Polish-wide contest organized by the City Culture Centre, represented by director G. Kreska, on demand of the City Office in Milicz – represented by W. Wall, a town clerk. The contest jury, having viewed presented project proposals, accorded first prize to artist sculptor Waldemar Szmatula and second prize together with realization to sculptor Tomasz Opania. {/mooblock} Problemy rozwoju strefy podmiejskiej północnej części pasma przyspieszonego rozwoju Zespołu Trójmiejskiego na przykładzie gminy Wejherowo Problems of Suburban Zone Development Embraced by Trójmiasto Agglomeration Intensive Development Belt - Wejherowo Case Study Aleksandra Wiszniewska Renata Giedych {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} The key factor of Wejherowo commune development is its situation in the main layer of the urbanization of Gdański complex, based on route 6. It reflects in every aspect of commune life: social, economical, ecological, special development, technical infrastructure. It is necessary to state that in recent years because of the commune’s situation in the neighbourhood of big cites, the following functions connected with its situation occurred and will be developed in the area of the commune: 1) development of one-family residential areas of suburban character, 2) development of industrial and storage-warehouse function, 3) development of recreational and tourist function for servicing, most of all one-day or weekend leisure of inhabitants of neighbouring cities, 4) development of holiday homes structure. The situation of communes in the neighbourhood of cities also causes the necessity for preservation of the function of nature protection in its area, which contributes to preserving natural resources, and in consequence, improvement of aerosanitary conditions in cities, which simultaneously influences preservation of recreational and tourist values of the terrain. {/mooblock} Niezbędne warunki pozytywnych zmian krajobrazu strefy podmiejskiej Necessary Conditions of Positive Change of Landscape Within City Region Sławomir Gzell {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} All bigger Polish cities are facing the „urban sprawl” within their metropolitan regions. The question is how to stop this formless proliferation, which without social coherence and cultural integrity covers what we use to call “open landscape” around traditional, relatively compact cities build areas. There are not only social and economical reasons of the situation. We could name also in Polish cities: excessive dispersion of urban capital, excessive number of industrial areas still situated in central locations, increasing housing density on the city peripheries, insufficient service/commercial areas, insufficient infrastructure, land market regulation obstacles, budgetary deficit, etc. Generally: a clear long-term economic state policy which might stimulate the hoped for urban development is as yet not existent. Two groups of conditions could make a change or at lest minimize unwanted effects of city dispersion (as it is almost impossible to believe that the trend would be reversed). The first group belongs to city and national economy and can be called “incentives system”. To initiate the system following issues have to be solved first: revitalization of dilapidated housing and industrial areas, relocation of industrial areas, upgrade of existing infrastructure in areas with a high demand factor, harmony between regulations and market preferences, etc. The second group is more connected to physical planning. One could say that “proper” plans: should be real planning tools for local government and societies, should cover all problems occurring in the market economy, should foresee future activities of small and medium-sized businesses, not to mention global megatrends which should be introduced to plans as well. {/mooblock} ROZWIĄZANIA TECHNICZNE Równoważenie relacji miasta i okolicy w koncepcji rozwoju obszaru metropolitarnego Polski środkowej Balancing the Relation of the City and its Development Surroundings at the Conception of the of a Metropolitan Region of Mid Poland Jacek Damięcki Marek Piwowarski {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} The essence of the project presented in the article is regrouping the set of three cities Warsaw, Łódź and Radom in conurbation set via a constituting inter-medial knot – international airport in the place of an army airport which exists today ( Nowe Miasto upon Pilica). The project limits itself to the essential elements of restructuring, which are the airport together with arteries connecting cities and high speed train routes which connect terminals in the cities with the airport. The presented conception is a proposal of reorientation strategy and activation of policy of spatial management of the country by building a Metropolitan Zone of mid Poland. The value of the project is in the fact that it does not require the support of long term development prognosis, which is always burdened with a huge dose of uncertainty. The proposed strategy relies on grouping the scattered potential which exist nowadays. In this sense it is not a leading but a threshold investment. The network set opens the way for the flexible power balance of many factors. {/mooblock} Przedmieście w mieście zwartym Suburb in Compact City Grażyna Schneider-Skalska {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} Modern and future cities, as a basic place of habitation for most people, create a sociological, special and ecological problem. Around 1900 only 10% of people lived in them, currently this number reaches 50%, and after 2005, the inhabitants of cities will consist of 2/3rds of earth’s population. Whole regions are subjected to further movement to cities and an increase in the number of city dwellers, especially in big cities, allowing the highest possibilities of finding work and social promotion. Extreme examples of giant cities are in South America, Asia or Africa. It seems that the 21st century will not bring revolutionary changes in the process of shaping and infrastructure of the cities. New cities will not be created, we will be solving old problems in old cities. And those basic problems will be a clean environment (air, water, soil, communication, contact with nature and a need for flats, in various proportions. Cities which offer an appropriate number of flats will have to modernize them, offering better and better living conditions, which means in developed and rich societies a healthy environment, contact with nature, good public transport and high esthetical values, but also the possibility of choice. All those actions can be carried out by various means. A discussion on the subject of directions of development of cities and at the same time the role of suburbs is not ended. {/mooblock} STANDARDY Problemy przeobrażeń architektonicznych krajobrazu okolic Krakowa na przełomie wieków The Architectural Changes Problems in the Cracow Landscape Region Danuta Kupiec-Hyła {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} The Cracow situation in the geographical conditions of Cracow-Częstochowa Jura had a specific influence on its development. Huge variety in landscape and variations in sub regional settlement forms and types of building connected to it, created,over the centuries, a characteristic type of “Jurassic architecture”, strongly inscribed into local cultural and building traditions. High transport availability in Cracow as a place of work contributed to the development of existing settlement units. The former country landscape of the area changed unnoticed into a chaotically built suburban zone. In December 1981 a team of Jurassic Landscape Parks was appointed to protect this beautiful region from further devasta tion. A set of benchmark projects was elaborated in the form of a catalogue “House as a Dream”, which was an unprecedented occurrence in this area of the country. {/mooblock} Dynamika zmian w krajobrazie strefy podmiejskiej Szczecina Dynamics of Changes in the Landscape of the Suburban Zone, Szczecin Helena Freino {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} A landscape always clearly reflects the state of the economy with all its consequences for the space, therefore it is difficult not to notice transformations in the appearance of our cities, towns and surrounding areas. A lively urbanization of many rural areas has occurred and is still occurring, which has undoubtedly brought economical vivification, but also a series of objectionable occurrences. The key ones are: lack of spatial order and disharmony in landscape, which are an external expression of increasing amorphism of spatial sets in Polish cities. It is certain that occurrences described in the present article cannot be avoided in the nearest future. However there is a necessity to counteract against them, and the priorities in appropriate suburban zone landscape shaping include: stronger accent on landscape issues in Polish legislation and strengthening the feeling of identity among local societies. {/mooblock} FORUM Źródła nowej tożsamości architektury podmiejskiej (literackie inspiracje w architekturze krajobrazu) Sources of New Identity of Architecture in Suburban Areas (Literal Inspirations in Landscape Architecture) Andrzej Ziemiański {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} Between town and village comes into existence a new, strange kind of architecture. Its interesting to find a sources of this kind of designs. Its not a town projects nor suburban ones. Its a connection between temples, mansions and palaces. All of these investment was made by the private inwestors without architects. From where they such strange inspiration? Maybe from literature. {/mooblock} Zagrożenia wartości estetyczno-kompozycyjnych krajobrazu w strefach podmiejskich Endangerments of Aesthetical and Composition Values of the Landscape in Suburban Areas Katarzyna Rozmarynowska {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} From the observations it can be concluded that the landscape of suburban areas is submitted to snappy, often uncontrolled changes, which result in endangerment of its aesthetical value. The reasons for such occurrence can be found in the social-political, planning and legal, and economical sphere, and also in the lack of pro-landscape consciousness in society and among the people responsible for protection and landscape shaping. In order to protect the areas surrounding us from devastation, an intimate change is needed, by viewing not only the landscape but also the state of our civic consciousness, not only in the domain of landscape and cultural heritage protection, but also in a much wider aspect: political, social and economical, as only a wealthy, civic society with responsibility for the common good and being conscious of its needs, rights and duties is able to care effectively for the landscape. That is why, apart from raising the general level of education about the value of the landscape, work on increasing civic consciousness in needed. Wishing to make our landscapes more beautiful, we have to consider the education of local societies, clerks, self-government activists, youth and people who professionally deal with spatial planning, among them also architects, city planners, ecologists, geographers, naturalists and admirers of antiquity, among whom there should be real consent about the fact that the final effect of all action in an area should be a beautiful, harmonic landscape. {/mooblock} |
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Nr 3-4/2002, vol. 5 Tożsamość strefy podmiejskiej Identification of Suburban Area STRESZCZENIA str. 133 POBIERZ CAŁY NUMER (89,9 MB) |
PROBLEMY Fenomenologiczna metoda badania krajobrazu miasta Phenomenological Metod of Town Landscape Researching Jan Rylke {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} In the article entitled “Phenomenological method of town landscape researching” according to the author the landscape has been researched for the means of its suitability for intended actions which so far have resulted in a choice of specific research tools and techniques. The whole of the landscape as a uniform body has not been researched because of its complicated and dynamic structure. Phenomenological method of landscape researching is a step in the direction of entire landscape research. Urban landscape, because of its external and internal configuration, densification, mobility and changeability of scenery requires diversification of research methods. In the article it was stressed that phenomenological method of landscape researching can be an effective method all the more that nowadays a description of the town is mainly its functional description not a formal one. A functional description was a characteristic one for town-planning from the previous century when a strict connection of function and form was acknowledged. Earlier town-planning dealt with the form of a town. Functional description could operate with a calibrated view as a basic record, spatially differentiating individual functions assigned to particular town districts. A formal description can not be limited to the view, it will tend to turn to recording techniques elaborated in history for the record of a spatial systems form. The author draws the readers attention to the fact that a superficial glance at carried out town landscape views allows us to state the foreground of all full views which defines traffic and infrastructure operating in it. The second plan is architectonic elevations, monuments, trees and far views. The third plan is buildings and shape of their crowns with the sky as a background. These plans are mostly layered with parallel bands whose height defines the centre of the view orientating vision. The number of views, even in residential parts of a town is limited by density of the urban space and unattractiveness, fortuity of town-planning compositions. In perspective, having deeply researched carried out views, a chance appears to receive interesting results. {/mooblock} Krajobraz niedostrzegany Invisible Landscapes Michael Cregan {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} Tytuł jest nawiązaniem do trudności w postrzeganiu krajobrazu. Krajobraz najczęściej dostrzegany jest jako dekoracja albo wystrój przestrzeni. Zapomina się o jego niematerialnej stronie, głębokim kontekście ukrytym przed spojrzeniami. Krajobraz powinien być rozumiany jako proces dynamicznych zmian zewnętrznych ale również ukrytych, jako połączenie miejsca i pamięci, siedliska i społeczeństwa. Jeśli zamyka się krajobraz w ramach scenografii i wystroju rola architekta krajobrazu w kształtowaniu przestrzeni zostaje odpowiednio zmniejszona. Architekt krajobrazu musi rozumieć krajobraz jego formy, procesy w nim zachodzące i twórców. Dwa zaprezentowane projekty są ilustracją aspektów w rozumieniu krajobrazu. Pierwszy z nich Lough Rynn zlokalizowany jest w północnej Irlandii, drugi Durrow Abbey znajduje się w jej środkowej części. {/mooblock} Uwarunkowania i kierunki przekształceń strefy podmiejskiej Olsztyna Conditions and Directions of Transformation Area of Suburban Olsztyn Krzysztof Młynarczyk Wanda Łaguna Małgorzata Kadelska Wiesława Gadomska {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} The following general conclusions can be deducted from considerations of the paper entitled Conditions and directions of transformation of the area in suburban Olsztyn:
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Tożsamość miejsca w krajobrazie strefy podmiejskiej obszaru chronionego The Identity of Place in Landscape of Suburban Zone of Protected Area Zbigniew Myczkowski {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} Problem of protection of cultural heritage and looking for the new identity of landscape in Urban zone and particular – in suburban areas, which are under the format protection as, for example: the landscape parks or nature and landscape reserves – is extremely actual in region of Jurrasic Landscape Parks north and west from city of Cracow and its fringe zone. The rules of sustainable development causes to take care of harmony and beauty of existing landscape from one hand, from another one – the pressure of private and public developers and their investments on the background of so called “spatial planning” appear sometimes as chaotic and disharmonious shape of space. The most popular are the telecommunications satellite towers antennas, which are mostly as dominants or subdominants in local landscape, the extraordinary, contemporary residences, the owners of which used to locate them in “ecological niches”, tourist and agricultural centers and, of course – the highways. In actual legislation – one of most important and common way of making the landscape architectonic guidelines are the expert studies and analysis, which are elaborated in accordance to rules of local management plans on so called “plans of protection” of landscape parka, national parks or nature reserves, arrangements of which are obligatory as the guidelines for local plans or administrative proceeding and pragmatic. The contribution deals with some examples of such studies and expert works and with pragmatic and theoretic conclusions for solution in the light of contemporary landscape management. {/mooblock} PREZENTACJE Puławy - miasto powstałe z ogrodu Pulawy - the City Arisen from a Garden Adam Wołk Włodzimierz Karpiński Izabela Giedrojć {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} Pulawy is a unique city, which was created on a basis of the garden – palace set up. It was designed by Tylman van Gameren in 1671 for Stanislaw Herakliusz Lubomirski. The design is based on the 8 km long axis. During 330 years of existance of this set up on the Vistula river its basic spatial outline was not changed. The family of Prince Czartoryski, who were the owners of Pulawy from 1731, landscaped the garden into its present shape. Thanks to the fascinations of Princess Izabela with ‘English gardens’, Pulawy became the closest example of her experiment with introducing the rules of this style on the elements of a regular garden. The book “Various thoughts on the manner of garden layout” was a theoretical interpretation of the rules propagated by her in landscape design. The downfall of Czartoryski’s fortune and the confiscation of Pulawy estate affected the further development of the garden. During the period of Russian annexation of Pulawy the institute of agriculture and forest research was established here and the garden played the role of an auxiliary farm. After the World War II the profile of the institute changed and the garden ceased to have the research function. Now it belongs to the first class culture monuments and is under the supervision of the State Monument Protection Service. The location of the garden as well as the fast development of the city imposed on the garden a function of a park. In order to prevent the demolition of this landscape monument the Foundation of Support for the Historical Garden of Pulawy was brought into existence in 1997 and was formally registered in 2002. The Founders are:
Ewolucja elementów krajobrazowych i historycznych w miastach położonych na północnym wybrzeżu Morza Czarnego (na przykładzie Odessy) Evolution of the Landscape and Historical Elements of the Cities of the Northern Black Sea Coast (on Odessa example) Vadim Lissenko Nadva Yeksareva Vladimir Yeksarev {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} Rozważania nad ewolucją elementów krajobrazowych i historycznych w Odessie pozwalają nam na ukazanie osiągnięć w dziedzinie sztuki ogrodowej w Południowej Palmirze. Niesprzyjajacy klimat i warunki środowiska (skwarne lato, miejscami kamienne wybrzeże, stepowe wiatry, burze piaskowe) były przyczyną tworzenia sztucznych warunków umożliwiających zamieszkanie ludzi. W intensywnie rozwijającym się mieście powstawały miejsca wypoczynku takie jak: Pola Kulikowa, ogród Khadjibey, Botaniczny, Uniwersytecki, Miejski i inne. Ogrody Odessy kształtowane były jako rezerwa lasu, która zaspokajała potrzeby miast z południa. Drzewa wysyłane były nawet do Saint Petersburga, Berlina i Warszawy. Utrata pewnych miejsc w historycznym środowisku miejskim może spowodować bezpowrotne rozbicie unikalnego połączenia starego z nowym, co jest głównym sekretem witalności miasta. Istnieje konieczność integracji działań rekonstrukcyjnych z zachowaniem cech strukturalnych historycznego obszaru miejskiego, z uwzględnieniem dominant, osi widokowych, panoram i perspektyw, porządku architektonicznego i poszczególnych elementów krajobrazu. Z perspektywy czasu ocena stadiów tworzenia antropogenicznego krajobrazu Odessy pozwala na okreslenie historyczno-krajobrazowych podstaw, które powinny stać się bazą dla utworzenia ekologicznego, zdrowego środowiska w historycznym mieście. {/mooblock} ROZWIĄZANIA TECHNICZNE Przekształcenia krajobrazu kulturowego Skarpy Warszawskiej Transformation of Cultural Landscape on Warsaw Escarpment Area Katarzyna Pluta {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} The physical and functional structure of Warsaw was determined by natural local environment – the Vistula valley with a high Escarpment on its left bank, where magnificent buildings were located, built in harmony with nature. The Warsaw Escarpment represents the priceless value in town with its green and the landscape open to the horizon, because of its rarity – single eminence on the city area. Contemporarily there are many recommended and more frequently observed methods of planning the cities, which should assure their sustainable development. But to reach that aim it is demanded, that built environment should be treated in the same way as natural. Both environments should be developed equally and simultaneously in the scale which is clear and understandable by citizens. The correct solution of the question for optimal integration of natural and artificial reality is the first problem of models of settlements for sustainable development. So it seems to everybody, that the unique situation of Warsaw needs to be enhanced. There is only one important priority: to preserve the natural landscape of Vistula Valley and Warsaw Escarpment. Opening Warsaw for the Vistula river by realising a continuous system of pedestrian paths in the area of the Escarpment as well as shaping the landscape there, will create a sustainable city form and will make the public greatly value it. It will also become important element in the historic process of the restoration of our capital. {/mooblock} TWORZYWO Parki podmiejskie jako element zielonej strefy Suburban Parks as an Element of Green Belt Agata Zachariasz {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} This paper presents some problems of the designing and using of suburban parks as an elements of greenbelts. A selection of Polish and foreign parks differing in size and function (eg. recreational, leisure, sport, natural), acting as urban borders limiting sprawling was chosen to illustrate the problem. Functional programs of such compositions, the principles of usage, and development of trends in their designing were included. The article shows a group of parks originally designed as suburban parks, which became city parks. Problems arising from adaptation to the new city conditions were discussed as well as possible creation of further greenbelts or park’s systems. {/mooblock} Ochrona dziedzictwa kulturowego i przyrodniczego w strefie podmiejskiej i na obrzeżach Sztokholmu Cultural Heritage and Natural Protection in Suburban Areas and Outskirts of Stockholm Based Ewa Augustyn-Lendzion {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} In the article entitled Cultural Heritage and Natural Protection in Suburban Areas and Outskirts of Stockholm Based on an Example of Historical Park- Garden Foundations the attention of the reader was drawn to green areas, both natural and founded by man which are under great concern in The Swedish Kingdom. Particular attention was paid to areas with not only natural value but also constituting cultural heritage on a domestic scale, and sometimes even the European one. Such objects include among others historical parkgarden sets. The author of the present publication discusses in detail two foundations exemplifying different styles of garden art. These are: gardens of Gripsholm Castle and the palace park in Drottningholm. They are situated in Stockholm’s suburban area on Melar lake. Both described sets have great value for Swedish culture. Moreover Drottningholm was included in UNESCO’s relics of the past list in 1991, and Gripsholm Castle is one of ten Swedish Royal castles included in national cultural heritage. Restoration works undertaken in both cases are run with exceptional care and under the surveillance of authorised organs and public opinion. {/mooblock} Założenie pałacowo-folwarczne w Mańczycach The Group of Palace and Farm Buildings in Mańczyce Renata Gubańska {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} The magnates’ manors, which were palaces or mansions with farming facilities, go back in tradition to the middle ages. Similarly to those of other regions, the fate of the Silesian estates was brutally changed by the World War II. After 1945 the majority of land estates became the State property. Since that time, most of them have been gradually and systematically deteriorating, and finally getting destroyed, both in their architectural and space substances. In this paper an effort has been made to draw attention to the cultural values of both the whole space distribution and setting, as well as to the individual architectural items belonging to the group of palace and farm buildings in Mańczyce, and especially to its role in shaping the cultural landscape of Lower Silesian villages. Here, driving along the road you can notice already from a distance the towers emerging from the park which surrounds the residence of Mańczyce. Approaching the village, you can see the other elements: oblong blocks of stables, high roofs of barns, tall walls of granary, as well as the chimney of a distillery – a significant distinguishing element in the scenery. The Mańczyce palace draws two axes: the main one and the lateral one. There is a park in the north part of the main axis and a representative court in its southern side. From the east, the lateral axis is encircled by a yard shaped in an elongated rectangle around which the farm buildings are clustered; and from the west – by a small rectangular yard surrounded by residential buildings. Part of it is the remains of the former workers and servants’ quarters of the beginning of the 20th century. Both, the palace and most of the farm buildings, among others the distillery, have not been managed nor taken care of for the last 20 years. As long as they were in use in a proper or less proper way, their technical conditions were satisfactory. Since they became empty and not used, they have fallen relatively quickly into ruin. At the moment one can only cherish a hope that Mańczyce’s estate as well as many others which remain in a similar situation will regain their former splendour. Maybe this will happen thanks to a rather quick and conscious action in protection of antique group of palace and farm buildings and mansions. {/mooblock} Tereny podmiejskie miasta Wrocławia i ich rola w realiach perspektywicznych XXI w Suburban areas of Wrocław and their role . in prospective realities of XXIst century Barbara Stępniewska-Janowska Aleksandra Lis {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} The article Suburban Areas of Wrocław city and their part in perspective realities of the 19th century stressed the fact that suburban areas of Wrocław city are a valuable load of cultural landscape which can bring the city manifold benefits and quantitively enriching its listed architecture. Restoring listed and destroyed special sets, palaces, gardens and parks to society they can be designated for international tourism. According to the authors of the publication, tourism should be perceived by self-governments of the cities and historical regions in Poland as one of essential factors of economical development. The authors of the article in a short form present the program whose assignment is preservation of the cultural landscape and restoration of its calculable values manifesting in listed architecture and in spatial sets of gardens and parks. Recreation of the destroyed parts can have the character of slavish reconstruction but can also preserve the old form in a different material and in a modern depiction. They stress that the effort put in both the first and the second form of “rebuilding” can have a positive meaning for the conception of creating a chain of relics of the past, out of suburban residences surrounding Wrocław city and presenting the advantages of a cultural landscape and the results of historical landscape protection in an international ring. {/mooblock} Ocalić od zapomnienia. Rezydencje w służbie miasta Wrocławia Save from Oblivion. Premises at Service of the City of Wrocław Renata Grzesiak {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} In the article Save from oblivion. Residences in the service of Wrocław city based on example assumption of Palace – Park in Goszcz the author stresses that listed palace-garden sets perceived as historical and whose cultural effect constitute refection of many ages of changes which occurs both in garden art and in views and attitude of man towards nature in the past. Presenting historical, scientific, artistic and natural values and also those which are an integral part of the culture landscape – garden relics of the past bear contribution in output and development of the national culture. The author of the publication discusses raised issues in more detail in the example of the baroque assumption of palace – park in Goszcz. She draws particular attention to the fact that listed park-residence sets should be subject to special protection especially as they become more and more valuable with time and they have greater value for tradition and identity of a nation. {/mooblock} STANDARDY Kondycja średniowiecznych miasteczek Mazowsza a wizualny splendor Warszawy Condition of the Mazovian`s Medieval Towos and Visual Splendour of the Warsaw City Janusz Skalski {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} When we approach to the large cities of Europe, we sense they existence in the landscape on different way. There are seen in the landscape a grid of settlements, industrial plants and old towns. It is seen a lot of kilometres ahead. The skylines of the old towns inform us about historical continuity of the region and it affluence, that is consequently a influence of the large city. Today when we approach to the Warsaw City, we haven’t such a similar impressions. The Warsaw suddenly appear us in the landscape, we sense that region lying all around of the Warsaw, isn’t subject to constructive power of influence a large city, but is beyond it range. It is seen in the skylines of the old medieval towns, those are located on the area. The old medieval towns, located within a radius of 70 km from the Warsaw up to this day are a historical documents of the economic poverty of the Mazovia. This an economic poverty was demeaning to inhabitants of the Warsaw. Now, these old towns are a landscape gateway to the Warsaw. There are a shapeless towns, where old architecture and public space are in poor condition. The building new architecture and rebuilding the medieval castles will be to work in aid of splendour of the Warsaw City. Today, there are a tasks for the authority of Warsaw and other towns, an architects and landscape architects. {/mooblock} Doświadczenia i wzorce w strefie podmiejskiej Warszawy Experirnces and Patterns in Suburbian Zone of Warsaw Anna Różańska Teresa Krogulec {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} In the article entitled Experience and module in shaping buildings in the Warsaw suburban zone it raised the issue of specific conditions which shaped the conception of city planning foundations in Warsaw. The author stresses that the medieval arrangement of the city did not differ from commonly accepted modules and that such a state lasted and included the 16th century. Only in the next centuries namely in the 17th and 18th century did the situation change. The old Warsaw situated behind medieval walls lost its significance and prestige. Relocation of the capital to Warsaw created a new situation for development (mostly town-planning) of the city, exactly, together with the King’s residence, splendid residences of nobility, magnates, churches and monasteries began to be built. Demand for new building areas increased and as there were no spare plots within the limits of medieval Warsaw, buildings started to be erected in the suburbs. In the 19th century forts engirdling the city with a double ring were a barrier to the natural development of a suburban zone. The growing number of Warsaw inhabitants and also fast developing industry exacted densification of the buildings inside the fortification. The result of it was town-planning chaos and lack of proportion between city and suburban zone After regaining independence attempts were made to repair the town-planning setting of the city and improvement of its appearance. The short period of relative political stabilization of the interwar era brought many interesting town-planning solutions which the author discusses in her article in more detail. {/mooblock} FORUM Dziedzictwo i awangarda Heritage and Avant Garde Mirosław Przyłęcki {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} In the article “Heritage and Avant Garde” problems were mentioned connected with so called globalisation, modern form of universalism and multi-pronged monopolization of economy, culture and art and also architecture and town-planning which intensified in the second half of the 20th century and at the turn of the 20th and 21st century. According to the author since the end of the Second world War “our world” has started to rapidly transform as a result of science development (especially technology), common and fast communication, uniformisation forms of goods exchange, world banks cooperation, omnipresent advertising and easy access to media, so called mass-media. An important issue, especially for architects, restaurateurs and town-planners, was also mentioned, namely: identity of a town or a settlement as an evolutionary historical structure in various way colligating past and present and creating a future. Many factors were listed which defined individualism of each town or settlement. The author stresses that there are no easy solutions or simple formulas. In the end a series of elements were presented which stand for discriminating regional characteristics, underlying the tradition of culture and art in a widely apprehended historical and geographical region. {/mooblock} Nowe tendencje w podmiejskiej architekturze okolic Warszawy New Tendencies in Suburban Architecture in the Warsaw Area Jeremi T. Królikowski {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} In the article entitled New Tendencies in Suburban Architecture in the Warsaw Area and Their Influence on Landscape PhD Jeremi T. Królikowski presents an outline of the research problem which he has been running since 1995. In the present publication the author notices that in the past few years in the suburban Warsaw landscape there has appeared such dominant elements as great trading centres and warehouses characterised with homogenous and commercial architecture which does not take into consideration the fact that the surroundings are of minimized esthetical value. In turn in the last few decades the housing substance of suburban Warsaw sets went through a period of monotony caused by norms and classification according to a type and was slowly overcome in the 1980s. Not until the 1990s did the variety of overlying trends, received by some observers as chaos, increase. Simultaneously voices appeared which were postulating restoring the equilibrium and order by introducing unification of patterns. Next the author discuses a dozen or so examples of modern housing building from Warsaw suburban districts leading to the final conclusion that “architectonical" tendencies which can be observed in the last few years in the neighbourhood of Warsaw are developing spontaneously under the influence of political, economical and social factors. Among the tools shaping the consciousness of receivers media play an important part which try in this simple way to direct their tastes. The character of Warsaw’s suburban landscape will also depend on recognition of the complexity of the problem. {/mooblock} Przemiany krajobrazu kulturowego w regionie Zengale (Łotwa) Transformation Process of Zemgale Region (Latvia) Rural Culture Landscape Aija Ziemelnice Wpływ degradacji dziewiętnastowiecznych kurortów morskich na stan tożsamości Pomorza Zachodniego The Influence of 19th Century Seeside Health Resorts Degradation on West Pomerania Region State Wojciech Bal {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} “Longing for the coast” is a recent phenomenon. Europeans did not discover the beach as their destination for travel till the 18th century. Until the 19th century besides ports and havens a lot of coasts was almost empty. Today we observe somekind of monoculture which is covering european shoreline. Spa is the cultural phenomenon. Generally speaking it is a place with natural and therapeutic values (climate, mineral waters etc), with professional, well organized health service and specialistic functions, hydrotherapy, mineral springs, sanatoriums. It is clear that health resort is the place of medical function but owing to human, genius loci affects every cultural aspect. In spite of such many similarities, every health resort keep its own, individual character, its ego which determinates every structure and activity – creating spa landscape. It is significant that spa landscape distinguish itself from different culture landscapes, in Poland as in whole Europe, and it is treated as uncommon and precious cultural value. As the one of original spa landscape values is its psychological aspect – the calm oasis – what is of assistance in the therapies. The spa landscape is created by architecture, fine arts and garden art. The very health resort are the perfect example of gesamtkunstwerk, where fine arts, music, theatre and literature coexists in the open space and where culture and society create its character. When time passed the seaside healthy resorts was transformed into the multifunctional, leisure towns. During the 19th century a lot of buildings and spa resorts was founded. They started to be characteristic elements of panorama views of towns and distinguished in the landscape. Some of them took even the symbol values. After the Second World War because of political transformations and fact of cultural identity weakness and lost of its consciousness, a lot of the spa objects was partly destructed or destroyed. Without care and badly used was rebuilted or devastated. We are in urgent necessity to save the preserved objects as the important elements of cultural heritage and to reconstruct the most valuable and significant elements of landscape. {/mooblock} Młyny wietrzne w panoramie wsi Windmills in the Landscape of Village Janusz Gubański {mooblock=STRESZCZENIE} With the moment of appearing the agricultural and food-processing industrial buildings in the village panorama among the country houses and buildings, new elements have come out to shape its character and cultural landscape. Among small sized country buildings and structures where the dominants were the sacral buildings, manors and groups of land farming buildings, the sub-dominants appeared in the form of grain mills, distilleries, sugar factories and other industrial buildings. Their prevailing position in the village panorama is due to their size and capacity, the material applied in their construction, and sometimes the elevation form. Apart from the technical elements (block, structure, material, and architectural form) a location of the given group of production unit was important. Weather the building is located within the country houses, in a farming buildings group, on the edge of the village, or in an independent location – it does significantly influence the way they are perceived. The clarity of the dominant or merely a characteristic silhouette of the industrial building is very distinct in the case of placing it in an open landscape. This factor is especially significant in the case of windmills. Commonly found in the end of the 19th century, windmills in the outskirts of towns and cities did not have any chance to survive in the succeeding decades. The competition from industrial mills and development of residential settlements cruelly and forcibly eliminated them from the suburban landscape. In the country areas these processes took place at a slightly slower pace, however, within the last 50-60 years also the windmills began to disappear quickly from the village landscape. Seeing the advancing degradation in diversification of the village landscape, it seems justifiable to draw attention to the need of protection of groups of production buildings, or more broadly – the protection of cultural landscape created by them. In this paper, the issue of occurrence of buildings of industrial function has been presented in the example of windmills located in the area of Przemęt, county of Wolsztyn. The mills’ spatial unity with their surrounding has been presented along with their role in creation of historic image of the villages. The selected examples describe different forms of usage and conditions of preservation of these buildings. {/mooblock} |
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