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1/2001 -Between Post-Modernism and Sustainable Development / Między postmodernizmem a zrównoważonym rozwojem

AK1 2001   No 1/2001, vol. 1

Between Post-Modernism
and Sustainable Development
Między postmodernizmem
a zrównoważonym rozwojem




SUMMARIES
page 73
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PROBLEMS
Lookng Back at the Past Century
Bilans na koniec wieku

{mooblock=SUMMARY}
The present article provides an introduction to a series of essays on the history of landscape architecture in the late 20th century and on the threshold of the 21st century. Limiting the scope of analysis to the ideas that emerged during the last three decades, the author points to two important sources of inspiration: postmodernism and sustainable development.

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Searching for New Solutions
Szukanie nowych rozwiązań
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Characteristic of the postmodernist approach has been the creation of signifying places by combining apparently heterogeneous means of expression, borrowings and quotations from other cultures and historical periods (including vernacular and local traditions) in order to emphasise the fragmentation of contemporary landscape and its multi-layer structure and the effects resulting from an accidental superimposition of vistas. The analysed examples indicate that the influence of postmodernism on the form (style) of artistic expression in landscape architecture peaked in the 1980s. Since the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio there has been a marked increase of interest in the idea of sustainable development. The tendency was clearly confirmed by presentations prepared by countries participating in EXPO 2000, looking back at the passing epoch. The underlying theme seems a desire for the New Synthesis to reconcile cultural diversity and democratic forms of spatial planning and management, involving citizen participation (heritage of postmodernism), with protection of biological diversity (principal element of sustainable development strategy).

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Reclaimed Landscapes
Pejzaż "ziem odzyskanych"
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Restructuring of landscapes degraded through industrial use presents a major challenge to specialists, including landscape architects. In the second part of the article, the author discusses selected examples of major European projects: IBA-Ermscher Park in the Ruhr valley and the landscape park in Cospuden near Leipzig, located in an area degraded by discontinued brown coal mining. Following the premises of postmodernism, the landscape architects have created a complex system of ‘signifying places’ but the main objective has been to reconstruct the ecosystem within the area (defragmentation of natural environment) and promoting the processes of natural succession according to the premises of sustainable development.

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City as Garden
Miasto jak ogród
Alina Drapella-Hermansdorfer
{mooblock=SUMMARY}
In the article’s third part, the author addresses issues related to urban renewal and challenges faced by landscape architects involved in the process. A number of examples and approaches are reviewed, closing with the presentation of the Hannover. City as Garden project. Realised under EXPO 2000, it has implemented in an exemplary manner the principal postulates set forth in the Green Charter of European Cities. Parks created in the exhibition area follow similar principles: the northern part (Kienast, Vogt & Partners, Zurich), arranged with an emphasis on artificiality, stresses human involvement in the shaping of landscape while the southern part (designed by Kamel Louafi, Berlin) is more natural and constitutes an important element in the green ring surrounding the city.

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PRESENTATIONS
Millennium Park in Wrocław
Park Milenijny we Wrocławiu

Lesław Chudzyński

Park of Symbols
Park pełen symboli
Tadeusz Sawa-Borysławski

Open Place
Miejsce otwarte
Paweł Ogielski

Where the Worlds Meet
Gdzie spotykają się wszystkie światy
Aleksandra Billewicz-Kozina
Joanna Grzywa
Anna Paprzycka
Miłosława Sieradzka


St John's Park
Park Świętojański
Tomasz Myczkowski

Ecological Park
Park Kultury Ekologicznej
Marek Szumański
TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

"Facing the River" Programme
Program "Frontem ku rzece"
Ryszard Majewicz
{mooblock=SUMMARY}
The presented programme is a part of the winning design for the Millennium Park in Wrocław. The programme proposes a flood control strategy and water quality improvement plan for the Ślęza River. By moving the eastern flood embankment within the park’s boundaries away from the river, two polders will be created. In normal water conditions, he upper polder will function as a biological filter (damp meadow) and the lower polder as a flood retention basin (6 hectares), used for water sports and recreational purposes. Both polders could be flooded if necessary, retaining 1.5 million cubic metres of water. The author discusses the expected social and environmental benefits once the programme is implemented.
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MATERIALS

Amelanchier
Amelanchier - świdośliwa

Jerzy Sporek
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The plant of the quarter is Amelanchier (juneberry), suitable for planting in industrial areas, environmentally and aesthetically valuable.
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STANDARDS

Estimating Values of Landscape 
Szacowanie wartości krajobrazu

Jerzy Sporek
{mooblock=SUMMARY}
The article presents four methods of estimating the values of landscape most popular in Germany: analysis of value, 1st and 2nd generation analysis of environmental risk planning argumentation The author briefly discusses and compares various grading systems and criteria of estimating the values of landscape. Examples are given of the analysis of value, 1st and 2nd generation. Subsequent stages in preparing an environmental risk analysis are discussed and the basic criteria for developing a planning argumentation are presented.
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FORUM
Landscape Architecture as Academic Discipline
Architektura krajobrazu jako kierunek studiów

Zuzanna Borcz

Wrocław Inter-universities Discipline
Architektura krajobrazu - wrocławski międzyuczelniany kierunek studiów

Andrzej Drabiński

Master's Programme in Landscape Architecture in Wrocław 
Architektura krajobrazu na Politechnice Wrocławskiej

Maria Kisza 






2-3/2001 - Water and Landscape Rivers and basins / Woda w krajobrazie Rzeki i zbiorniki wodne

AK23 2001   No 2-3/2001, vol. 2

Water and Landscape
Rivers and basins
Woda w krajobrazie
Rzeki i zbiorniki wodne




SUMMARIES page 105
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PROBLEMS
Landscape of Riverside Towns 
Krajobraz miast nadrzecznych

Wojciech Kosiński
{mooblock=SUMMARY}
The author discusses the relationship between the river and townscape in the context of management studies, spatial and urban planning and architecture. The focus is on the town's location and layout in relation to the river. The author points to the existence of the “Great Divide” between the eastern and western European civilisations, located approximately between the drainage basins of the Odra and Vistula rivers, dividing Poland into two basic zones with respect to urban planning. Over the centuries, it has influenced the foundation and layout of towns and remains a factor in their current situation. In the western zone, that is in the Odra basin, the layout of towns reflects the centuries of German influence, with some Austrian, Bohemian and Hungarian flavour. As a rule, the river has been carefully arranged and integrated into the townscape (Wrocław, Opole, Koźle, Kłodzko, Bystrzyca, Lądek). In the east, rivers have been generally neglected but the configuration of land, with towns elevated on high escarpments, contributes the picturesque quality to the panorama (Wawel in Kraków, Sandomierz, Płock). Four basic types of the town-river relationship are discussed: a big city on a big river; a large city on a small river; a small town on a big river, and a small town on a small river. The case study of Janowiec, a small town on the Vistula river, historic but poor, is discussed. Local traditions defining the layout and architecture of towns in the context of their riverside location are an important component of native culture and national identity and are particularly relevant as Poland prepares to join the EU. The author advocates interdisciplinary co-operation between urban planners, architects, engineers, and landscape architects.
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River Parks in Cracow 
Parki rzeczne w krajobrazie Krakowa

Aleksander Böhm
{mooblock=SUMMARY}
In 1996-1997 on the initiative of the Municipal Office of the City of Kraków the Institute of Landscape Architecture of Cracow University of Technology developed a conception for shaping the city’s environmental system in accordance with current needs and conditions. The project’s underlying idea is to use the hydrographical network as the basis for laying out new green areas called river parks. There are four basic arguments for adopting this approach: 
  • size and shape of the city’s territory and structure of residential areas;
  • possibility of connecting river parks with the system of protected landscape surrounding the city;
  • existing unbuilt areas along the Vistula River and its tributaries within city boundaries;
  • possibility to combine the river parks project with the flood protection programme with beneficial effects for the economic development of areas along the river and boating.

A structure plan should be developed to co-ordinate the programme that would necessarily comprise many stages, similar to those developed for special economic zones. The river parks would need an appropriate legal protection to guarantee their status. As a result, the river parks would become a complex system of water and green areas, stimulating the city’s harmonious growth.
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Nowa Sól Seen from the Riverside 
Krajobraz Nowej Soli widziany od Odry

Marta Skiba
{mooblock=SUMMARY}
The new law Programme for the Odra River’2006 stipulates turning the cities and towns to face the river and introducing spatial order along the Odra valley. The main objectives are to preserve the continuity of ecological corridors and organise the landscape along the embankments while improving preventive flood control and creating conditions for sustainable development. These objectives have been considered in the plans for extending and modernising the system of embankments and flood control for the town of Nowa Sól. The embankment is to be developed into a boulevard and natural river landscapes with their typical ecosystems are to be recreated. There are plans for the modernisation of the historic port and improvement of navigability.

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The Odra Valley: Problems of Sustainable Development 
Dolina Odry - problemy zrównoważonego rozwoju

Krzysztof Świerkosz
{mooblock=SUMMARY}
The Odra is the second largest river in Poland. The same applies to its basin. It is also one of major European rivers. For over 50 years related research programmes have focused on the economic aspects and pollution. Only recently new perspectives have been developed, emphasising the river’s recreational potential and environmental protection. The new approach, integrating flood control with pollution control and environmental protection, has been empasised to foster sustainable growth in the river valley. At present, the principal objectives are:

  • Flood control. Its importance has been generally acknowledged. In this context, the benefits of the open landscape of the Odra valley cannot be overestimated: it is possible to create large retention areas and retain foold water within the valley to protect densely populated areas.
  • Pollution control and water retention for consumption and industrial purposes. This is the second most important goal, requiring large investemnts (municipal, industrial and household sewage treatment plants) and a creative planning vision.
  • Development and promotion of the recreational and tourist potential of the Odra valley. This direction is considered very attractive by local authorities and residents but requires considerable investement to became reality.
  • Environmental protection. Within the Odra valley, also outside Poland, there are 56 regions (occupying 2000 hectares) of very high natural value. Together with other areas, they form the North-South ecological corridor, second only to that of the Vistula river.
  • Navigation and power industry. There has been a general agreement about the continued use of the Odra for navigation, roviding that the development of water transport respects the river’s hydrogeological conditions. The need to promote the “white fleet”, as less harmful to the environment, has been emphasised.

Thus, the priorities are clear and generally accepted but so far there is no comprehensive vision of the development of the Oder and its valley. Who will present it?
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Architectural Objects Connected with Water 
Formy architektoniczne towarzyszące wodzie

Zuzanna Borcz
{mooblock=SUMMARY}
Water in landscape has existed in many forms, in the context of various architectural and engineering structures, contributing not only a utilitarian but also an aesthetic value. The author discusses selected examples of small architecture related to water found in parks and gardens. Historic timber structures, like water-mills and sweeps, are also presented. No longer serving their original purpose, some water-mills have been preserved in skansens or adapted to other functions. Springs and wells have been a constant feature of human activity, supplying water for the population, adorning parks and gardens. Some springs have been regarded as sacred. Spas have been founded to benefit from medicinal springs. Interesting structures connected with water are fountains, embellishing town squares and parks. The forms have changed over time, reflecting contemporaneous styles in architecture and sculpture. Small bridges and foot-bridges found in parks and rural areas often enhance the landscape's natural beauty. 

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Springs and Wells in the Cultural Landscape of Warsaw 
Źródła i studnie wody pitnej w krajobrazie kulturowym Warszawy

Janusz Skalski
{mooblock=SUMMARY}
A number of historic wells and springs from which drinking water was drawn until the mid-20th century have survived in Warsaw. The development of the municipal waterpipe network at the end of the 19th century made them obsolete, resulting in their gradual transformation into monuments of material culture. The wells in which the mechanism for drawing water was destroyed have became “dead” architectural objects and are no longer perceived as springs. Their architecture and treatment of details are often very elaborate. The systematic decline of the quality of drinking water drawn from the Vistula River has resulted in the necessity to give the public an access to strategic deep wells and to drill new ones. The new wells, built very fast in order to deliver good quality drinking water to the population, are purely utilitarian structures lacking the architectural splendour typical of their historic counterparts. The activity of drawing drinking water from the well has become a social phenomenon in Warsaw. This can be perceived as a positive process as it creates and strengthens community ties so precious in a modern city. This process should be facilitated by thoughtful design of wells as public places to provide an attractive architectural framework for drawing drinking water. The new and historic wells should create a legible sequence of beautiful places, enhancing the city. Because of their special importance to communal life and public health these structures should be treated as the “holy graves” within the
city's urban structure.

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Water in the Rural Landscape 
Woda w krajobrazie wsi

Irena Nieźwiecka-Filipiak
{mooblock=SUMMARY}
For centuries, surface water in various forms was an important feature of rural landscape. Villages were founded along streams, sometimes in the vicinity of reservoirs. In many villages there were large ponds or even systems of ponds, serving various functions and oftentimes connected with watercourses. Water-mills, with their streams and ponds, were a common and characteristic feature. Today, ponds have largely lost their practical function. Some serve as water tanks for fire-fighting purposes, others have fallen into disrepair, polluted and overgrown with weeds. Research has shown that over the last two decades the area occupied by standing water reservoirs has diminished considerably in most Lower Silesian villages. However, there are also positive tendencies. Garden owners are increasingly fond of pools, ponds, fountains, cascades and springs. In some villages efforts have been undertaken to save he old ponds with their unique ambience.

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PRESENTATIONS


The Fountain in Town Square in Wrocław 
Fontanna na wrocławskim rynku

Alojzy Gryt
{mooblock=SUMMARY}
The competition for the design and execution of a fountain in the western section of Town Square (Rynek) in Wrocław was announced in 1996. From the submitted 35 designs, the proposal presented by the team of Alojzy Gryt, Marcin Gryt and Beata Gryt-Tomaszewska, has been selected. The winning design's underlying idea has been to integrate the present with the past and the future, to satisfy modern needs and define meaningful relations between tradition and the time to come.

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TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS


Water and Modern Buildings 
Woda w sąsiedztwie nowoczesnych budynków

Marcin Brzezicki
{mooblock=SUMMARY}
In the article problems of saving precious drinking water and rational management of rainwater are discussed. Rainwater can be used safely instead of drinking water for washing, toilet flushing and watering plants. The author focuses on joined efforts of urban planners and landscape architects in order to increase the areas of retention within the boundaries of planned developments as it reduces the volume of sewage and keeps the water table intact. In the article's second part, solutions for controlling the microclimate in cities and individual buildings are presented, employed in experimental and standard buildings.

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MATERIALS


Water and the Art of Gardens 
Woda w sztuce ogrodów

Alina Drapella-Hermansdorfer
{mooblock=SUMMARY}
The art of garden design has always combined practical and symbolic aspects. The present article focuses on the relation between beauty and function with regard to water management. Four aspects are discussed, exemplified by historic gardens:

  • Rainwater – connection between Heaven and Earth
  • Ground water – mystery of depth
  • Flowing water – expression of movement
  • Stagnant water – magic of the mirror.

The author focuses on how water, in its various aspects, permeates and connects all landscape elements. The relationship between architecture of buildings and topographic features on the one hand and water drainage or collection on the other is discussed in various climatic zones. The influence of ground water on plants and landscape architecture is analysed. Referring to the gardens at Versailles, Kassel and Peterhof, the author shows the complexity and ingenuity of some systems built to supply water. Finally, the aesthetic and symbolic role of the pond, as associated with the mirror, is discussed in European parks (Versailles) and Chinese gardens.
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Hydrangea 
Hortensja

Jerzy Sporek


STANDARDS


Water Reflection 
Wodna refleksja

Oleg Mycak
{mooblock=SUMMARY}
The author explains how to employ the effects of reflection on water surface in accordance with optical laws. In recent years the fashion for fitting gardens with ponds, pools and puddles of various shape and size has stimulated a growing market for related services and equipment. In addition to technical information, potential clients need some information on how to lay out a pond or pool in their garden in order to use the reflected image created on water surface to the best aesthetic effect.

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Swimming Ponds: Close to Nature 
Stawy kąpielowe - formy bliskie naturze

Przemysław Wolski
Marcin Gąsiorowski
Wojciech Walczak
{mooblock=SUMMARY}
Water in a swimming pond is purified through natural processes of self-cleaning so there is no need to use chemicals necessary to maintain traditional swimming pools. It is safe for humans and the environment, combining the benefits of a swimming pool and a garden pond. It may be used in private gardens and public recreational facilities. Its construction and maintenance is usually much cheaper and it blends harmoniously into the natural landscape. In this context, the authors discuss the basics of construction and maintenance of swimming ponds, selection of water plants, and relevant legal aspects.

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"Small" Retention from a Different Perspective
Mała retencja inaczej

Jerzy Sporek
{mooblock=SUMMARY}
With the growth of built-up areas, the volume of rainwater being discharged to the sewage system or directly to a river and intensity of drainage increase proportionately, making additional flood-control reservoirs or higher and stronger embankments necessary. The present article focuses on the benefits of retention, in both open and urban areas.

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FORUM


Studied: general of targeted
Studia: ogólne czy ukierunkowane

Jerzy Sporek


ELASA 2001
ELASA 2001

Urszula Szachowicz


Prof. arch. Władysław Niemirski
Prof. arch. Władysław Niemirski
Przemysław Wolski






 


PROBLEMY PROBLEMS

  • Krajobraz miast nadrzecznych Landscape of Riverside Towns str.4
      Wojciech Kosiński
    Instytut Architektury Krajobrazu Politechnika Krakowska
    Institute of Landscape Architecture Cracow University of Technology


  • Parki rzeczne w krajobrazie Krakowa River Parks in Cracow str.17
      Aleksander Böhm
    Instytut Architektury Krajobrazu Politechnika Krakowska
    Institute of Landscape Architecture Cracow University of Technology


  • Krajobraz Nowej Soli widziany od Odry Nowa Sól Seen from the Riverside str. 23
      Marta Skiba
    Zakład Architektury i Budownictwa; Wydział Inżynierii Lądowej i Środowiska; Uniwersytet Zielonogórski
    Architecture and Bildings Division; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Sanitary Engineering; Technical University of Zielona Góra


  • Dolina Odry - problemy zrównoważonego rozwoju The Odra Valley: Problems of Sustainable Development str. 27
      Krzysztof Świerkosz
    Muzeum Przyrodnicze; Uniwersytet Wrocławski
    Natural Museum; University of Wrocław


  • Formy architektoniczne towarzyszące wodzie Architectural Objects Connected with Water str. 35
       Zuzanna Borcz
    Instytut Budownictwa i Architektury Krajobrazu; Akademii Rolniczej we Wrocławiu
    Institute of Building and Landscape Architecture; Agricultural University of Wrocław


  • Źródła i studnie wody pitnej w krajobrazie kulturowym Warszawy Springs and Wells in the Cultural Landscape of Warsaw str. 41
       Janusz Skalski
    Katedra Architektury Krajobrazu; Wydział Ogrodnictwa i Architektury Krajobrazu; SGGW Warszawa
    Department of Landscape Architecture; Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture; Warsaw University of Agriculture


  • Woda w krajobrazie wsi Water in the Rural Landscape str. 47
       Irena Nieźwiecka-Filipiak
    Instytut Budownictwa i Architektury Krajobrazu; Akademii Rolniczej we Wrocławiu
    Institute of Building and Landscape Architecture; Agricultural University of Wrocław


  • PREZENTACJE PRESENTATIONS

  • Fontanna na wrocławskim rynku The Fountain in Town Square in Wrocław str. 52
       Alojzy Gryt
    Akademia Sztuk Pięknych we Wrocławiu
    Academy of Fine Arts in Wroclaw


  • ROZWIĄZANIA TECHNICZNE TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

  • Woda w sąsiedztwie nowoczesnych budynków Water and Modern Buildings str. 55
       Marcin Brzezicki
    Zakład Architektury Przemysłowej, Wydział Architektury, Politechnika Wrocławska
    Department of Industrial Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, University of Technology, Wrocław


  • TWORZYWO MATERIALS

  • Woda w sztuce ogrodów Water and the Art of Gardens str. 66
       Alina Drapella-Hermansdorfer
    Zakład Kształtowania Środowiska, Wydział Architektury Politechnika Wrocławska
    Department of Sustainable Development, Faculty of Architecture, Wrocław University of Technology


  • Hortensja Hydrangea str. 78
       Jerzy Sporek
    Garten und Landschaftsbau, Offenburg


  • STANDARDY STANDARDS

  • Wodna refleksja Water Reflection str. 81
       Oleg Mycak
    Zakład Kształtowania Środowiska; Wydział Architektury, Politechnika Wrocławska
    Department of Sustainable Develpoment; Faculty of Architecture; University of Technology, Wrocław


  • Stawy kąpielowe - formy bliskie naturze Swimming Ponds: Close to Nature str. 85
       Przemysław Wolski
    Zakład Studiów Krajobrazowych, Katedra Architektury Krajobrazu, Wydział Ogrodnictwa i Architektury Krajobrazu SGGW
    Section of Landscape Studies, Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw Agricultural University

       Marcin Gąsiorowski
    Bund Deutscher Landschafts Architekten

       Wojciech Walczak
    Student kierunku Architektura Krajobrazu SGGW
    Student of Landscape Architecture, Warsaw Agriculture University


  • Mała retencja inaczej "Small" Retention from a Different Perspective str. 95
       Jerzy Sporek
    Garten und Landschaftsbau, Offenburg


  • FORUM FORUM

  • Studia: ogólne czy ukierunkowane str. 98
       Jerzy Sporek
    Garten und Landschaftsbau, Offenburg


  • ELASA 2001 ELASA 2001 str. 100
       Urszula Szachowicz
    wrocławski oddział Stowarzyszenia Młodych Architektów Krajobrazu, studentka Architektury Krajobrazu, Akademia Rolnicza we Wrocławiu
    The Student of Landscape Architecture, Agricultural University of Wrocław


  • Prof. arch. Władysław Niemirski Prof. arch. Władysław Niemirski str. 102
       Przemysław Wolski
    Zakład Studiów Krajobrazowych, Katedra Architektury Krajobrazu, Wydział Ogrodnictwa i Architektury Krajobrazu SGGW
    Section of Landscape Studies, Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw Agricultural University


  • INFORMACJE CURRENT NEWS str. 68

    STRESZCZENIA ANGIELSKIE SUMMARIES str. 105

    4/2001 - Material / Tworzywo

    AK4 2001   No 4/2001, vol. 3

    Material
    Tworzywo




    SUMMARIES page 56
    DOWNLOAD ALL (50,3 MB)



    PROBLEMS

    Living Material
    Żywe tworzywo

    Ewa Lenard
    {mooblock=SUMMARY}
    Desire to surround with greenery, what is a natural human needs, has caused trees and shrubs become essential element in space design and shape. Plants as material are difficult matters to application. They only achieve a robust appearance into favourable conditions. Continuously changing environment “modify” forms of free growing (not shaped) trees and shrubs and their final appearance is difficult to predict. Characteristic of alive organisms to continuous growth and regeneration give a man ability to interference with their natural forms through proper pruning. Other plants feature – a natural, biological variability and ability of diverse species to cross among them allowed to receive more another variety of shaped and coloured forms. Ultimately we get material of huge diversity of shapes and rich colours palette. Success of their use only depend on ability of application this gently, very plastic and variability material.

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    The Metal Fences in Wroclaw
    Ogrodzenia metalowe we Wrocławiu

    Ewa Kozłowska
    {mooblock=SUMMARY}
    The evolution of barriers in the cityscape, from city walls to hedges, proves that their forms depend on structure, appearance and function. The article describes and generally systematizes the trellis fences selected from Wroclaw area. The inventories presented in text give an evidence of different forms represented by the metal barriers, illustrating the changing tastes of city residents. The article describes barriers that were classified as unique, interesting or typical of various historical periods. Compatibility between fence and adjacent architecture is usually enhanced by using similar materials, details and proportions.

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    PRESENTATIONS
    Sculpture Parks: Unity of Idea, Place and Form
    Parki rzeźby: jedność idei, miejsca i formy wyrazu

    Alina Drapella-Hermansdorfer
    {mooblock=SUMMARY}
    The article presents the Vigeland Park in Oslo and the Tarot Garden of Niki de Saint Phalle (in Capalbio, Italy). The first one has been created for almost fifty years (1900-1947) from the initial sketches to the final result, which contains 192 sculptures with more than 600 figures, all modeled in full size by Gustav Vigeland. In 1924, the City of Oslo decided that the sculptures should be placed on the Frogner Park hill slope, where the artist added the architectural setting. The main axis of composition links up: the main entrance with wrought iron gates, the renovated and adapted bridge with 58 bronze sculptures on the parapets, the fountain with six giants holding the vessel of falling water, the Monolith plateau and „Wheel of Life”, composed of human figures swirling in a circle. The Monolith, 14.12 meters high – carved out of a single block of stone is situated in the central point of the park. 36 groups of granite statues which are surrounding the column portray people in situations depicting the cycle of life. The Tarot Garden explores the human condition in quite different way. The monumental sculptures combined with fancy forms of buildings, all covered by brightly colored mosaic, reflect the metaphysical aspects represented by 22 tarot cards. Niki de Saint Phalle began her work on the garden in 1979 (with her husband Jean Tinguely and the team of friends) and officially opened it to the public in May 1998. The smaller figures are hidden in the wood, while the Main Arcanas (The High Priestress, The Magician, The Empress, The Sun and The Tower) surround the artificial lake in the middle of composition. Although the presented sculpture parks have been created in different periods and styles, they both illustrate the role of material in landscape architecture.

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    TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

    The Waterway and Flood Protection System in Wroclaw
    Wrocławski system ochrony przeciwpowodziowej

    Ryszard Majewicz
    {mooblock=SUMMARY}
    Water always had and still has an influence on places where people settle down. After each bigger flood, man usually did some alterations in already existing buildings and erected new ones. He raised the embankments but scarcely ever noticed the need to verify some spatial solutions in town planning. As the result of this strategy we are facing the mans growing influence on landscape. This process causes the increasing costs of flood losses and renovation of the damaged infrastructure. We can observe here a vicious circle of humans actions and reactions of natural powers. On this background the author describes the history of the waterway regulations and flood protection investments in city of Wroclaw.

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    FORUM
    IBA-see - The Great Cleaning after 2Oth Century?
    IBA-see - Wielkie sprzątanie po XX wieku?

    Michał Stangel 






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